java.io

## Class Writer

- java.lang.Object
- - java.io.Writer

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    Closeable, Flushable, Appendable, AutoCloseable
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    BufferedWriter, CharArrayWriter, FilterWriter, OutputStreamWriter, PipedWriter, PrintWriter, StringWriter

      public abstract class Writer
      extends Object
      implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable

  Abstract class for writing to character streams. The only methods that a subclass must implement are write(char[], int, int), flush(), and close(). Most subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in order to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
  Since:
    JDK1.1
  See Also:
    `Writer`, `BufferedWriter`, `CharArrayWriter`, `FilterWriter`, `OutputStreamWriter`, `FileWriter`, `PipedWriter`, `PrintWriter`, `StringWriter`, `Reader`

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `protected Object` | `lock` The object used to synchronize operations on this stream.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Modifier | Constructor and Description
    --- | ---
    `protected` | `Writer()` Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.
    `protected` | `Writer(Object lock)` Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `Writer` | `append(char c)` Appends the specified character to this writer.
    `Writer` | `append(CharSequence csq)` Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.
    `Writer` | `append(CharSequence csq, int start, int end)` Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer.
    `abstract void` | `close()` Closes the stream, flushing it first.
    `abstract void` | `flush()` Flushes the stream.
    `void` | `write(char[] cbuf)` Writes an array of characters.
    `abstract void` | `write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)` Writes a portion of an array of characters.
    `void` | `write(int c)` Writes a single character.
    `void` | `write(String str)` Writes a string.
    `void` | `write(String str, int off, int len)` Writes a portion of a string.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### lock

          protected Object lock

      The object used to synchronize operations on this stream. For efficiency, a character-stream object may use an object other than itself to protect critical sections. A subclass should therefore use the object in this field rather than `this` or a synchronized method.

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Writer

          protected Writer()

      Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.

    - #### Writer

          protected Writer(Object lock)

      Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.
      Parameters:
        `lock` - Object to synchronize on

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### write

          public void write(int c)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a single character. The character to be written is contained in the 16 low-order bits of the given integer value; the 16 high-order bits are ignored.

      Subclasses that intend to support efficient single-character output should override this method.

      Parameters:
        `c` - int specifying a character to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write(char[] cbuf)
                     throws IOException

      Writes an array of characters.
      Parameters:
        `cbuf` - Array of characters to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public abstract void write(char[] cbuf,
                   int off,
                   int len)
                              throws IOException

      Writes a portion of an array of characters.
      Parameters:
        `cbuf` - Array of characters
        `off` - Offset from which to start writing characters
        `len` - Number of characters to write
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write(String str)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a string.
      Parameters:
        `str` - String to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write(String str,
                   int off,
                   int len)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a portion of a string.
      Parameters:
        `str` - A String
        `off` - Offset from which to start writing characters
        `len` - Number of characters to write
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If `off` is negative, or `len` is negative, or `off+len` is negative or greater than the length of the given string
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### append

          public Writer append(CharSequence csq)
                        throws IOException

      Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(csq.toString())

      Depending on the specification of `toString` for the character sequence `csq`, the entire sequence may not be appended. For instance, invoking the `toString` method of a character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon the buffer's position and limit.

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `csq` - The character sequence to append. If `csq` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended to this writer.
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public Writer append(CharSequence csq,
                      int start,
                      int end)
                        throws IOException

      Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer. `Appendable`.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq, start, end)` when `csq` is not `null` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString())

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `csq` - The character sequence from which a subsequence will be appended. If `csq` is `null`, then characters will be appended as if `csq` contained the four characters `"null"`.
        `start` - The index of the first character in the subsequence
        `end` - The index of the character following the last character in the subsequence
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If `start` or `end` are negative, `start` is greater than `end`, or `end` is greater than `csq.length()`
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public Writer append(char c)
                        throws IOException

      Appends the specified character to this writer.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(c)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(c)

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `c` - The 16-bit character to append
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### flush

          public abstract void flush()
                              throws IOException

      Flushes the stream. If the stream has saved any characters from the various write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their intended destination. Then, if that destination is another character or byte stream, flush it. Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the buffers in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.

      If the intended destination of this stream is an abstraction provided by the underlying operating system, for example a file, then flushing the stream guarantees only that bytes previously written to the stream are passed to the operating system for writing; it does not guarantee that they are actually written to a physical device such as a disk drive.

      Specified by:
        `flush` in interface `Flushable`
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### close

          public abstract void close()
                              throws IOException

      Closes the stream, flushing it first. Once the stream has been closed, further write() or flush() invocations will cause an IOException to be thrown. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect.
      Specified by:
        `close` in interface `Closeable`
      Specified by:
        `close` in interface `AutoCloseable`
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

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