    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #undef DLIB_HoG_ABSTRACT_Hh_
    #ifdef DLIB_HoG_ABSTRACT_Hh_

    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include "../array2d.h"
    #include "../geometry.h"
    #include <cmath>

    namespace dlib
    {
        enum
        {
            hog_no_interpolation,
            hog_angle_interpolation,
            hog_full_interpolation,
            hog_signed_gradient,
            hog_unsigned_gradient
        };

        template <
            unsigned long cell_size_,
            unsigned long block_size_,
            unsigned long cell_stride_,
            unsigned long num_orientation_bins_,
            int           gradient_type_,
            int           interpolation_type_
            >
        class hog_image : noncopyable
        {
            /*!
                REQUIREMENTS ON TEMPLATE PARAMETERS
                    - cell_size_ > 1
                    - block_size_ > 0
                    - cell_stride_ > 0
                    - num_orientation_bins_ > 0
                    - gradient_type_ == hog_signed_gradient or hog_unsigned_gradient
                    - interpolation_type_ == hog_no_interpolation, hog_angle_interpolation, or
                                             hog_full_interpolation

                INITIAL VALUE
                     - size() == 0

                WHAT THIS OBJECT REPRESENTS
                    This object is a tool for performing the image feature extraction algorithm
                    described in the following paper:
                        Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
                        by Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs

                    To summarize the technique, this object tiles non-overlapping cells over an
                    image.  Each of these cells is a box that is cell_size by cell_size pixels
                    in size.  Each cell contains an array of size num_orientation_bins.  The array
                    in a cell is used to store a histogram of all the edge orientations contained
                    within the cell's image region.

                    Once the grid of cells and their histograms has been computed (via load())
                    you can obtain descriptors for each "block" in the image.  A block is just a
                    group of cells and blocks are allowed to overlap.  Each block is square and
                    made up of block_size*block_size cells.  So when you call operator()(r,c)
                    what you obtain is a vector that is just a bunch of cell histograms that
                    have been concatenated (and length normalized).

                    The template arguments control the various parameters of this algorithm.

                    The interpolation_type parameter controls the amount of interpolation
                    that happens during the creation of the edge orientation histograms.  It
                    varies from no interpolation at all to full spatial and angle interpolation.

                    Angle interpolation means that an edge doesn't just go into its nearest
                    histogram bin but instead gets interpolated into its two nearest neighbors.
                    Similarly, spatial interpolation means that an edge doesn't just go into
                    the cell it is in but it also contributes to nearby cells depending on how
                    close they are.

                    The gradient_type parameter controls how edge orientations are measured.
                    Consider the following ASCII art:
                        signed gradients:           unsigned gradients:
                               /\                           |
                               ||                           |
                           <---  ---->                ------+------
                               ||                           |
                               \/                           |

                    An image is full of gradients caused by edges between objects.  The direction
                    of a gradient is determined by which end of it has pixels of highest intensity.
                    So for example, suppose you had a picture containing black and white stripes.
                    Then the magnitude of the gradient at each point in the image tells you if you
                    are on the edge of a stripe and the gradient's orientation tells you which
                    direction you have to move get into the white stripe.

                    Signed gradients preserve this direction information while unsigned gradients
                    do not.  An unsigned gradient will only tell you the orientation of the stripe
                    but not which direction leads to the white stripe.

                    Finally, the cell_stride parameter controls how much overlap you get between
                    blocks.  The maximum amount of overlap is obtained when cell_stride == 1.
                    At the other extreme, you would have no overlap if cell_stride == block_size.

                THREAD SAFETY
                    Concurrent access to an instance of this object is not safe and should be protected
                    by a mutex lock except for the case where you are copying the configuration
                    (via copy_configuration()) of a hog_image object to many other threads.
                    In this case, it is safe to copy the configuration of a shared object so long
                    as no other operations are performed on it.
            !*/

        public:

            const static unsigned long cell_size = cell_size_;
            const static unsigned long block_size = block_size_;
            const static unsigned long cell_stride = cell_stride_;
            const static unsigned long num_orientation_bins = num_orientation_bins_;
            const static int           gradient_type = gradient_type_;
            const static int           interpolation_type = interpolation_type_;

            const static long min_size = cell_size*block_size+2;

            typedef matrix<double, block_size*block_size*num_orientation_bins, 1> descriptor_type;

            hog_image (
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - this object is properly initialized
            !*/

            void clear (
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - this object will have its initial value
            !*/

            void copy_configuration (
                const hog_image& item
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - copies all the state information of item into *this, except for state
                      information populated by load().  More precisely, given two hog_image
                      objects H1 and H2, the following sequence of instructions should always
                      result in both of them having the exact same state.
                        H2.copy_configuration(H1);
                        H1.load(img);
                        H2.load(img);
            !*/

            template <
                typename image_type
                >
            inline void load (
                const image_type& img
            );
            /*!
                requires
                    - image_type is a dlib::matrix or something convertible to a matrix
                      via mat().
                    - pixel_traits<typename image_traits<image_type>::pixel_type>::has_alpha == false
                ensures
                    - if (img.nr() < min_size || img.nc() < min_size) then
                        - the image is too small so we don't compute anything on it
                        - #size() == 0
                    - else
                        - generates a HOG image from the given image.
                        - #size() > 0
            !*/

            inline void unload (
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - #nr() == 0
                    - #nc() == 0
                    - clears only the state information which is populated by load().  For
                      example, let H be a hog_image object.  Then consider the two sequences
                      of instructions:
                        Sequence 1:
                            H.load(img);
                            H.unload();
                            H.load(img);

                        Sequence 2:
                            H.load(img);
                      Both sequence 1 and sequence 2 should have the same effect on H.
            !*/

            inline unsigned long size (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns nr()*nc()
            !*/

            inline long nr (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of rows in this HOG image
            !*/

            inline long nc (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of columns in this HOG image
            !*/

            long get_num_dimensions (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of dimensions in the feature vectors generated by
                      this object.
                    - In particular, returns the value block_size*block_size*num_orientation_bins
            !*/

            inline const descriptor_type& operator() (
                long row,
                long col
            ) const;
            /*!
                requires
                    - 0 <= row < nr()
                    - 0 <= col < nc()
                ensures
                    - returns the descriptor for the HOG block at the given row and column.  This descriptor
                      will include information from a window that is located at get_block_rect(row,col) in
                      the original image given to load().
                    - The returned descriptor vector will have get_num_dimensions() elements.
            !*/

            const rectangle get_block_rect (
                long row,
                long col
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns a rectangle that tells you what part of the original image is associated
                      with a particular HOG block.  That is, what part of the input image is associated
                      with (*this)(row,col).
                    - The returned rectangle will be cell_size*block_size pixels wide and tall.
            !*/

            const point image_to_feat_space (
                const point& p
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - Each local feature is extracted from a certain point in the input image.
                      This function returns the identity of the local feature corresponding
                      to the image location p.  Or in other words, let P == image_to_feat_space(p),
                      then (*this)(P.y(),P.x()) == the local feature closest to, or centered at,
                      the point p in the input image.  Note that some image points might not have
                      corresponding feature locations.  E.g. border points or points outside the
                      image.  In these cases the returned point will be outside get_rect(*this).
            !*/

            const rectangle image_to_feat_space (
                const rectangle& rect
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns rectangle(image_to_feat_space(rect.tl_corner()), image_to_feat_space(rect.br_corner()));
                      (i.e. maps a rectangle from image space to feature space)
            !*/

            const point feat_to_image_space (
                const point& p
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the location in the input image space corresponding to the center
                      of the local feature at point p.  In other words, this function computes
                      the inverse of image_to_feat_space().  Note that it may only do so approximately,
                      since more than one image location might correspond to the same local feature.
                      That is, image_to_feat_space() might not be invertible so this function gives
                      the closest possible result.
            !*/

            const rectangle feat_to_image_space (
                const rectangle& rect
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - return rectangle(feat_to_image_space(rect.tl_corner()), feat_to_image_space(rect.br_corner()));
                      (i.e. maps a rectangle from feature space to image space)
            !*/

        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            unsigned long T1,
            unsigned long T2,
            unsigned long T3,
            unsigned long T4,
            int           T5,
            int           T6
            >
        void serialize (
            const hog_image<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        );
        /*!
            provides serialization support
        !*/

        template <
            unsigned long T1,
            unsigned long T2,
            unsigned long T3,
            unsigned long T4,
            int           T5,
            int           T6
            >
        void deserialize (
            hog_image<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6>& item,
            std::istream& in
        );
        /*!
            provides deserialization support
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_HoG_ABSTRACT_Hh_