    // Copyright (C) 2004  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_MEMORY_MANAGER_KERNEl_3_
    #define DLIB_MEMORY_MANAGER_KERNEl_3_

    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "memory_manager_kernel_abstract.h"
    #include "../assert.h"
    #include <new>
    #include "memory_manager_kernel_2.h"
    #include "../binary_search_tree/binary_search_tree_kernel_2.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

        template <
            typename T,
            unsigned long chunk_size
            >
        class memory_manager_kernel_3
        {
            /*!
                INITIAL VALUE
                    allocations == 0
                    next == 0
                    first_chunk == 0
                    bst_of_arrays == 0

                REQUIREMENTS ON chunk_size
                    chunk_size is the number of items of type T we will allocate at a time. so
                    it must be > 0.

                CONVENTION
                    This memory manager implementation allocates memory in blocks of chunk_size*sizeof(T)
                    bytes.  All the sizeof(T) subblocks are kept in a linked list of free memory blocks
                    and are given out whenever an allocation request occurs.  Also, memory is not freed
                    until this object is destructed.

                    allocations == get_number_of_allocations()

                    - if (next != 0) then
                        - next == the next pointer to return from allocate()
                          and next == pointer to the first node in a linked list.  each node
                          is one item in the memory pool.
                        - the last node in the linked list has next set to 0
                    - else
                        - we need to call new to get the next pointer to return from allocate()

                    - if (arrays != 0) then
                        - someone has called allocate_array()
                        - (*arrays)[size] == an array of size bytes of memory

                    - if (first_chunk != 0) then
                        - first_chunk == the first node in a linked list that contains pointers
                          to all the chunks we have ever allocated.  The last link in the list
                          has its next pointer set to 0.
            !*/

            union node
            {
                node* next;
                char item[sizeof(T)];
            };

            struct chunk_node
            {
                node* chunk;
                chunk_node* next;
            };

            typedef binary_search_tree_kernel_2<
                size_t,
                char*,
                memory_manager_kernel_2<char,5>
                > bst_of_arrays;

        public:

            typedef T type;

            template <typename U>
            struct rebind {
                typedef memory_manager_kernel_3<U,chunk_size> other;
            };

            memory_manager_kernel_3(
            ) :
                allocations(0),
                next(0),
                first_chunk(0),
                arrays(0)
            {
                // You FOOL!  You can't have a zero chunk_size.
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(chunk_size > 0);
            }

            virtual ~memory_manager_kernel_3(
            )
            {
                if (allocations == 0)
                {
                    while (first_chunk != 0)
                    {
                        chunk_node* temp = first_chunk;
                        first_chunk = first_chunk->next;
                        // delete the memory chunk
                        ::operator delete ( static_cast<void*>(temp->chunk));
                        // delete the chunk_node
                        delete temp;
                    }
                }

                if (arrays)
                {
                    arrays->reset();
                    while (arrays->move_next())
                    {
                        ::operator delete (arrays->element().value());
                    }
                    delete arrays;
                }
            }

            unsigned long get_number_of_allocations (
            ) const { return allocations; }

            T* allocate_array (
                unsigned long size
            )
            {
                size_t block_size = sizeof(T)*size + sizeof(size_t)*2;

                // make sure we have initialized the arrays object.
                if (arrays == 0)
                {
                    arrays = new bst_of_arrays;
                }

                char* temp;

                // see if we have a suitable block of memory already.
                arrays->position_enumerator(block_size);
                if (arrays->current_element_valid())
                {
                    // we have a suitable block of memory already so use that one.
                    arrays->remove_current_element(block_size,temp);
                }
                else
                {
                    temp = static_cast<char*>(::operator new(block_size));
                }

                reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(temp)[0] = block_size;
                reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(temp)[1] = size;
                temp += sizeof(size_t)*2;

                try
                {
                    initialize_array(reinterpret_cast<T*>(temp),size);
                }
                catch (...)
                {
                    // something was thrown while we were initializing the array so
                    // stick our memory block into arrays and rethrow the exception
                    temp -= sizeof(size_t)*2;
                    arrays->add(block_size,temp);
                    throw;
                }

                ++allocations;
                return reinterpret_cast<T*>(temp);
            }

            void deallocate_array (
                T* item
            )
            {
                char* temp = reinterpret_cast<char*>(item);
                temp -= sizeof(size_t)*2;
                size_t block_size = reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(temp)[0];
                size_t size = reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(temp)[1];

                deinitialize_array(item,size);

                arrays->add(block_size,temp);

                --allocations;
            }

            T* allocate (
            )
            {
                T* temp;
                if (next != 0)
                {
                    temp = reinterpret_cast<T*>(next);
                    node* n = next->next;

                    try
                    {
                        // construct this new T object with placement new.
                        new (static_cast<void*>(temp))T();
                    }
                    catch (...)
                    {
                        next->next = n;
                        throw;
                    }

                    next = n;
                }
                else
                {
                    // the linked list is empty so we need to allocate some more memory
                    node* block = static_cast<node*>(::operator new (sizeof(node)*chunk_size));

                    // the first part of this block can be our new object
                    temp = reinterpret_cast<T*>(block);

                    try
                    {
                        // construct this new T object with placement new.
                        new (static_cast<void*>(temp))T();
                    }
                    catch (...)
                    {
                        // construction of the new object threw so delete the block of memory
                        ::operator delete ( static_cast<void*>(block));
                        throw;
                    }

                    // allocate a new chunk_node
                    chunk_node* chunk;
                    try {chunk = new chunk_node; }
                    catch (...)
                    {
                        temp->~T();
                        ::operator delete ( static_cast<void*>(block));
                        throw;
                    }

                    // add this block into the chunk list
                    chunk->chunk = block;
                    chunk->next = first_chunk;
                    first_chunk = chunk;

                    ++block;
                    // now add the rest of the block into the linked list of free nodes.
                    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < chunk_size-1; ++i)
                    {
                        block->next = next;
                        next = block;
                        ++block;
                    }

                }

                ++allocations;
                return temp;
            }

            void deallocate (
                T* item
            )
            {
                --allocations;
                item->~T();

                // add this memory into our linked list.
                node* temp = reinterpret_cast<node*>(item);
                temp->next = next;
                next = temp;
            }

            void swap (
                memory_manager_kernel_3& item
            )
            {
                exchange(allocations,item.allocations);
                exchange(next,item.next);
                exchange(first_chunk,item.first_chunk);
                exchange(arrays,item.arrays);
            }

        private:

            // data members
            unsigned long allocations;
            node* next;

            chunk_node* first_chunk;
            bst_of_arrays* arrays;

            void initialize_array (
                T* array,
                size_t size
            ) const
            {
                size_t i;
                try
                {
                    for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
                    {
                        // construct this new T object with placement new.
                        new (static_cast<void*>(array+i))T();
                    }
                }
                catch (...)
                {
                    // Catch any exceptions thrown during the construction process
                    // and then destruct any T objects that actually were successfully
                    // constructed.
                    for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
                    {
                        array[i].~T();
                    }
                    throw;
                }
            }

            void deinitialize_array (
                T* array,
                size_t size
            ) const
            {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
                {
                    array[i].~T();
                }
            }

            // don't do any initialization for the built in types
            void initialize_array(unsigned char*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(unsigned char*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(signed char*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(signed char*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(char*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(char*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(int*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(int*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(unsigned int*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(unsigned int*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(unsigned long*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(unsigned long*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(long*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(long*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(float*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(float*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(double*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(double*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(short*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(short*, size_t) {}
            void initialize_array(unsigned short*, size_t) {}
            void deinitialize_array(unsigned short*, size_t) {}

            // restricted functions
            memory_manager_kernel_3(memory_manager_kernel_3&);        // copy constructor
            memory_manager_kernel_3& operator=(memory_manager_kernel_3&);    // assignment operator
        };

        template <
            typename T,
            unsigned long chunk_size
            >
        inline void swap (
            memory_manager_kernel_3<T,chunk_size>& a,
            memory_manager_kernel_3<T,chunk_size>& b
        ) { a.swap(b); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_MEMORY_MANAGER_KERNEl_3_