    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_KRR_TRAInER_Hh_
    #define DLIB_KRR_TRAInER_Hh_

    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "function.h"
    #include "kernel.h"
    #include "empirical_kernel_map.h"
    #include "linearly_independent_subset_finder.h"
    #include "../statistics.h"
    #include "rr_trainer.h"
    #include "krr_trainer_abstract.h"
    #include <vector>
    #include <iostream>

    namespace dlib
    {
        template <
            typename K
            >
        class krr_trainer
        {

        public:
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef decision_function<kernel_type> trained_function_type;

            krr_trainer (
            ) :
                verbose(false),
                max_basis_size(400),
                ekm_stale(true)
            {
            }

            void be_verbose (
            )
            {
                verbose = true;
                trainer.be_verbose();
            }

            void be_quiet (
            )
            {
                verbose = false;
                trainer.be_quiet();
            }

            void use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv (
            )
            {
                trainer.use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv();
            }

            void use_classification_loss_for_loo_cv (
            )
            {
                trainer.use_classification_loss_for_loo_cv();
            }

            bool will_use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv (
            ) const
            {
                return trainer.will_use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv();
            }

            const kernel_type get_kernel (
            ) const
            {
                return kern;
            }

            void set_kernel (
                const kernel_type& k
            )
            {
                kern = k;
            }

            template <typename T>
            void set_basis (
                const T& basis_samples
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(basis_samples.size() > 0 && is_vector(mat(basis_samples)),
                    "\tvoid krr_trainer::set_basis(basis_samples)"
                    << "\n\t You have to give a non-empty set of basis_samples and it must be a vector"
                    << "\n\t basis_samples.size():                       " << basis_samples.size()
                    << "\n\t is_vector(mat(basis_samples)): " << is_vector(mat(basis_samples))
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                basis = mat(basis_samples);
                ekm_stale = true;
            }

            bool basis_loaded (
            ) const
            {
                return (basis.size() != 0);
            }

            void clear_basis (
            )
            {
                basis.set_size(0);
                ekm.clear();
                ekm_stale = true;
            }

            unsigned long get_max_basis_size (
            ) const
            {
                return max_basis_size;
            }

            void set_max_basis_size (
                unsigned long max_basis_size_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(max_basis_size_ > 0,
                    "\t void krr_trainer::set_max_basis_size()"
                    << "\n\t max_basis_size_ must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t max_basis_size_: " << max_basis_size_
                    << "\n\t this:            " << this
                    );

                max_basis_size = max_basis_size_;
            }

            void set_lambda (
                scalar_type lambda_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(lambda_ >= 0,
                    "\t void krr_trainer::set_lambda()"
                    << "\n\t lambda must be greater than or equal to 0"
                    << "\n\t lambda_: " << lambda_
                    << "\n\t this:   " << this
                    );

                trainer.set_lambda(lambda_);
            }

            const scalar_type get_lambda (
            ) const
            {
                return trainer.get_lambda();
            }

            template <typename EXP>
            void set_search_lambdas (
                const matrix_exp<EXP>& lambdas
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_vector(lambdas) && lambdas.size() > 0 && min(lambdas) > 0,
                    "\t void krr_trainer::set_search_lambdas()"
                    << "\n\t lambdas must be a non-empty vector of values"
                    << "\n\t is_vector(lambdas): " << is_vector(lambdas)
                    << "\n\t lambdas.size():     " << lambdas.size()
                    << "\n\t min(lambdas):       " << min(lambdas)
                    << "\n\t this:   " << this
                    );

                trainer.set_search_lambdas(lambdas);
            }

            const matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type>& get_search_lambdas (
            ) const
            {
                return trainer.get_search_lambdas();
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y
            ) const
            {
                std::vector<scalar_type> temp;
                scalar_type temp2;
                return do_train(mat(x), mat(y), false, temp, temp2);
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                std::vector<scalar_type>& loo_values
            ) const
            {
                scalar_type temp;
                return do_train(mat(x), mat(y), true, loo_values, temp);
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                std::vector<scalar_type>& loo_values,
                scalar_type& lambda_used
            ) const
            {
                return do_train(mat(x), mat(y), true, loo_values, lambda_used);
            }

        private:

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> do_train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                const bool output_loo_values,
                std::vector<scalar_type>& loo_values,
                scalar_type& the_lambda
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_learning_problem(x,y),
                    "\t decision_function krr_trainer::train(x,y)"
                    << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t is_vector(x): " << is_vector(x)
                    << "\n\t is_vector(y): " << is_vector(y)
                    << "\n\t x.size():     " << x.size()
                    << "\n\t y.size():     " << y.size()
                    );

    #ifdef ENABLE_ASSERTS
                if (get_lambda() == 0 && will_use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv() == false)
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT(is_binary_classification_problem(x,y),
                        "\t decision_function krr_trainer::train(x,y)"
                        << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                        );
                }
    #endif

                // The first thing we do is make sure we have an appropriate ekm ready for use below.
                if (basis_loaded())
                {
                    if (ekm_stale)
                    {
                        ekm.load(kern, basis);
                        ekm_stale = false;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    linearly_independent_subset_finder<kernel_type> lisf(kern, max_basis_size);
                    fill_lisf(lisf, x);
                    ekm.load(lisf);
                }

                if (verbose)
                {
                    std::cout << "\nNumber of basis vectors used: " << ekm.out_vector_size() << std::endl;
                }

                typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> column_matrix_type;

                running_stats<scalar_type> rs;

                // Now we project all the x samples into kernel space using our EKM
                matrix<column_matrix_type,0,1,mem_manager_type > proj_x;
                proj_x.set_size(x.size());
                for (long i = 0; i < proj_x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    scalar_type err;
                    // Note that we also append a 1 to the end of the vectors because this is
                    // a convenient way of dealing with the bias term later on.
                    if (verbose == false)
                    {
                        proj_x(i) = ekm.project(x(i));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        proj_x(i) = ekm.project(x(i),err);
                        rs.add(err);
                    }
                }

                if (verbose)
                {
                    std::cout << "Mean EKM projection error:                  " << rs.mean() << std::endl;
                    std::cout << "Standard deviation of EKM projection error: " << rs.stddev() << std::endl;
                }

                decision_function<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type> > > lin_df;

                if (output_loo_values)
                    lin_df = trainer.train(proj_x,y, loo_values, the_lambda);
                else
                    lin_df = trainer.train(proj_x,y);

                // convert the linear decision function into a kernelized one.
                decision_function<kernel_type> df;
                df = ekm.convert_to_decision_function(lin_df.basis_vectors(0));
                df.b = lin_df.b;

                // If we used an automatically derived basis then there isn't any point in
                // keeping the ekm around.  So free its memory.
                if (basis_loaded() == false)
                {
                    ekm.clear();
                }

                return df;
            }

            /*!
                CONVENTION
                    - if (ekm_stale) then
                        - kern or basis have changed since the last time
                          they were loaded into the ekm

                    - get_lambda() == trainer.get_lambda()
                    - get_kernel() == kern
                    - get_max_basis_size() == max_basis_size
                    - will_use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv() == trainer.will_use_regression_loss_for_loo_cv()
                    - get_search_lambdas() == trainer.get_search_lambdas()

                    - basis_loaded() == (basis.size() != 0)
            !*/

            rr_trainer<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type> > > trainer;

            bool verbose;

            kernel_type kern;
            unsigned long max_basis_size;

            matrix<sample_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> basis;
            mutable empirical_kernel_map<kernel_type> ekm;
            mutable bool ekm_stale;

        };

    }

    #endif // DLIB_KRR_TRAInER_Hh_