    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_SVM_C_LiNEAR_TRAINER_Hh_
    #define DLIB_SVM_C_LiNEAR_TRAINER_Hh_

    #include "svm_c_linear_trainer_abstract.h"
    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "../optimization.h"
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include "function.h"
    #include "kernel.h"
    #include <iostream>
    #include <vector>
    #include "sparse_vector.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type,
            typename in_sample_vector_type,
            typename in_scalar_vector_type
            >
        class oca_problem_c_svm : public oca_problem<matrix_type >
        {
        public:
            /*
                This class is used as part of the implementation of the svm_c_linear_trainer
                defined towards the end of this file.

                The bias parameter is dealt with by imagining that each sample vector has -1
                as its last element.
            */

            typedef typename matrix_type::type scalar_type;

            oca_problem_c_svm(
                const scalar_type C_pos,
                const scalar_type C_neg,
                const in_sample_vector_type& samples_,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& labels_,
                const bool be_verbose_,
                const scalar_type eps_,
                const unsigned long max_iter,
                const unsigned long dims_
            ) :
                samples(samples_),
                labels(labels_),
                C(std::min(C_pos,C_neg)),
                Cpos(C_pos/C),
                Cneg(C_neg/C),
                be_verbose(be_verbose_),
                eps(eps_),
                max_iterations(max_iter),
                dims(dims_)
            {
                dot_prods.resize(samples.size());
                is_first_call = true;
            }

            virtual scalar_type get_c (
            ) const
            {
                return C;
            }

            virtual long get_num_dimensions (
            ) const
            {
                // plus 1 for the bias term
                return dims + 1;
            }

            virtual bool optimization_status (
                scalar_type current_objective_value,
                scalar_type current_error_gap,
                scalar_type current_risk_value,
                scalar_type current_risk_gap,
                unsigned long num_cutting_planes,
                unsigned long num_iterations
            ) const
            {
                if (be_verbose)
                {
                    using namespace std;
                    cout << "objective:     " << current_objective_value << endl;
                    cout << "objective gap: " << current_error_gap << endl;
                    cout << "risk:          " << current_risk_value << endl;
                    cout << "risk gap:      " << current_risk_gap << endl;
                    cout << "num planes:    " << num_cutting_planes << endl;
                    cout << "iter:          " << num_iterations << endl;
                    cout << endl;
                }

                if (num_iterations >= max_iterations)
                    return true;

                if (current_risk_gap < eps)
                    return true;

                return false;
            }

            virtual bool risk_has_lower_bound (
                scalar_type& lower_bound
            ) const
            {
                lower_bound = 0;
                return true;
            }

            virtual void get_risk (
                matrix_type& w,
                scalar_type& risk,
                matrix_type& subgradient
            ) const
            {
                line_search(w);

                subgradient.set_size(w.size(),1);
                subgradient = 0;
                risk = 0;

                // loop over all the samples and compute the risk and its subgradient at the current solution point w
                for (long i = 0; i < samples.size(); ++i)
                {
                    // multiply current SVM output for the ith sample by its label
                    const scalar_type df_val = labels(i)*dot_prods[i];

                    if (labels(i) > 0)
                        risk += Cpos*std::max<scalar_type>(0.0,1 - df_val);
                    else
                        risk += Cneg*std::max<scalar_type>(0.0,1 - df_val);

                    if (df_val < 1)
                    {
                        if (labels(i) > 0)
                        {
                            subtract_from(subgradient, samples(i), Cpos);

                            subgradient(subgradient.size()-1) += Cpos;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            add_to(subgradient, samples(i), Cneg);

                            subgradient(subgradient.size()-1) -= Cneg;
                        }
                    }
                }

                scalar_type scale = 1.0/samples.size();

                risk *= scale;
                subgradient = scale*subgradient;
            }

        private:

        // -----------------------------------------------------
        // -----------------------------------------------------

            void line_search (
                matrix_type& w
            ) const
            /*!
                ensures
                    - does a line search to find a better w
                    - for all i: #dot_prods[i] == dot(colm(#w,0,w.size()-1), samples(i)) - #w(w.size()-1)
            !*/
            {
                // The reason for using w_size_m1 and not just w.size()-1 is because
                // doing it this way avoids an inane warning from gcc that can occur in some cases.
                const long w_size_m1 = w.size()-1;
                for (long i = 0; i < samples.size(); ++i)
                    dot_prods[i] = dot(colm(w,0,w_size_m1), samples(i)) - w(w_size_m1);

                if (is_first_call)
                {
                    is_first_call = false;
                    best_so_far = w;
                    dot_prods_best = dot_prods;
                }
                else
                {
                    // do line search going from best_so_far to w.  Store results in w.
                    // Here we use the line search algorithm presented in section 3.1.1 of Franc and Sonnenburg.

                    const scalar_type A0 = length_squared(best_so_far - w);
                    const scalar_type BB0 = dot(best_so_far, w - best_so_far);

                    const scalar_type scale_pos = (get_c()*Cpos)/samples.size();
                    const scalar_type scale_neg = (get_c()*Cneg)/samples.size();

                    ks.clear();
                    ks.reserve(samples.size());

                    scalar_type f0 = BB0;
                    for (long i = 0; i < samples.size(); ++i)
                    {
                        const scalar_type& scale = (labels(i)>0) ? scale_pos : scale_neg;

                        const scalar_type B = scale*labels(i) * ( dot_prods_best[i] - dot_prods[i]);
                        const scalar_type C = scale*(1 - labels(i)* dot_prods_best[i]);
                        // Note that if B is 0 then it doesn't matter what k is set to.  So 0 is fine.
                        scalar_type k = 0;
                        if (B != 0)
                            k = -C/B;

                        if (k > 0)
                            ks.push_back(helper(k, std::abs(B)));

                        if ( (B < 0 && k > 0) || (B > 0 && k <= 0) )
                            f0 += B;
                    }

                    scalar_type opt_k = 1;
                    // ks.size() == 0 shouldn't happen but check anyway
                    if (f0 >= 0 || ks.size() == 0)
                    {
                        // Getting here means that we aren't searching in a descent direction.
                        // We could take a zero step but instead lets just assign w to the new best
                        // so far point just to make sure we don't get stuck coming back to this
                        // case over and over.  This might happen if we never move the best point
                        // seen so far.

                        // So we let opt_k be 1
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        std::sort(ks.begin(), ks.end());

                        // figure out where f0 goes positive.
                        for (unsigned long i = 0; i < ks.size(); ++i)
                        {
                            f0 += ks[i].B;
                            if (f0 + A0*ks[i].k >= 0)
                            {
                                opt_k = ks[i].k;
                                break;
                            }
                        }

                    }

                    // Don't let the step size get too big.  Otherwise we might pick huge steps
                    // over and over that don't improve the cutting plane approximation.
                    if (opt_k > 1.0)
                    {
                        opt_k = 1.0;
                    }

                    // take the step suggested by the line search
                    best_so_far = (1-opt_k)*best_so_far + opt_k*w;

                    // update best_so_far dot products
                    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < dot_prods_best.size(); ++i)
                        dot_prods_best[i] = (1-opt_k)*dot_prods_best[i] + opt_k*dot_prods[i];

                    const scalar_type mu = 0.1;
                    // Make sure we always take a little bit of a step towards w regardless of what the
                    // line search says to do.  We do this since it is possible that some steps won't
                    // advance the best_so_far point. So this ensures we always make some progress each
                    // iteration.
                    w = (1-mu)*best_so_far + mu*w;

                    // update dot products
                    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < dot_prods.size(); ++i)
                        dot_prods[i] = (1-mu)*dot_prods_best[i] + mu*dot_prods[i];
                }
            }

            struct helper
            {
                helper(scalar_type k_, scalar_type B_) : k(k_), B(B_) {}
                scalar_type k;
                scalar_type B;

                bool operator< (const helper& item) const { return k < item.k; }
            };

            mutable std::vector<helper> ks;

            mutable bool is_first_call;
            mutable std::vector<scalar_type> dot_prods;

            mutable matrix_type best_so_far;  // best w seen so far
            mutable std::vector<scalar_type> dot_prods_best; // dot products between best_so_far and samples

            const in_sample_vector_type& samples;
            const in_scalar_vector_type& labels;
            const scalar_type C;
            const scalar_type Cpos;
            const scalar_type Cneg;

            const bool be_verbose;
            const scalar_type eps;
            const unsigned long max_iterations;
            const unsigned long dims;
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type,
            typename in_sample_vector_type,
            typename in_scalar_vector_type,
            typename scalar_type
            >
        oca_problem_c_svm<matrix_type, in_sample_vector_type, in_scalar_vector_type> make_oca_problem_c_svm (
            const scalar_type C_pos,
            const scalar_type C_neg,
            const in_sample_vector_type& samples,
            const in_scalar_vector_type& labels,
            const bool be_verbose,
            const scalar_type eps,
            const unsigned long max_iterations,
            const unsigned long dims
        )
        {
            return oca_problem_c_svm<matrix_type, in_sample_vector_type, in_scalar_vector_type>(
                C_pos, C_neg, samples, labels, be_verbose, eps, max_iterations, dims);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K
            >
        class svm_c_linear_trainer
        {

        public:
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef decision_function<kernel_type> trained_function_type;

            // You are getting a compiler error on this line because you supplied a non-linear kernel
            // to the svm_c_linear_trainer object.  You have to use one of the linear kernels with this
            // trainer.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT((is_same_type<K, linear_kernel<sample_type> >::value ||
                                 is_same_type<K, sparse_linear_kernel<sample_type> >::value ));

            svm_c_linear_trainer (
            )
            {
                Cpos = 1;
                Cneg = 1;
                verbose = false;
                eps = 0.001;
                max_iterations = 10000;
                learn_nonnegative_weights = false;
                last_weight_1 = false;
            }

            explicit svm_c_linear_trainer (
                const scalar_type& C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t svm_c_linear_trainer::svm_c_linear_trainer()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                Cpos = C;
                Cneg = C;
                verbose = false;
                eps = 0.001;
                max_iterations = 10000;
                learn_nonnegative_weights = false;
                last_weight_1 = false;
            }

            void set_epsilon (
                scalar_type eps_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(eps_ > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_linear_trainer::set_epsilon()"
                    << "\n\t eps_ must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t eps_: " << eps_
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                eps = eps_;
            }

            const scalar_type get_epsilon (
            ) const { return eps; }

            unsigned long get_max_iterations (
            ) const { return max_iterations; }

            void set_max_iterations (
                unsigned long max_iter
            )
            {
                max_iterations = max_iter;
            }

            void be_verbose (
            )
            {
                verbose = true;
            }

            void be_quiet (
            )
            {
                verbose = false;
            }

            void set_oca (
                const oca& item
            )
            {
                solver = item;
            }

            const oca get_oca (
            ) const
            {
                return solver;
            }

            const kernel_type get_kernel (
            ) const
            {
                return kernel_type();
            }

            bool learns_nonnegative_weights (
            ) const { return learn_nonnegative_weights; }

            void set_learns_nonnegative_weights (
                bool value
            )
            {
                learn_nonnegative_weights = value;
                if (learn_nonnegative_weights)
                    prior.set_size(0);
            }

            bool forces_last_weight_to_1 (
            ) const
            {
                return last_weight_1;
            }

            void force_last_weight_to_1 (
                bool should_last_weight_be_1
            )
            {
                last_weight_1 = should_last_weight_be_1;
                if (last_weight_1)
                    prior.set_size(0);
            }

            void set_prior (
                const trained_function_type& prior_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(prior_.basis_vectors.size() == 1 &&
                            prior_.alpha(0) == 1,
                    "\t void svm_c_linear_trainer::set_prior()"
                    << "\n\t The supplied prior could not have been created by this object's train() method."
                    << "\n\t prior_.basis_vectors.size(): " << prior_.basis_vectors.size()
                    << "\n\t prior_.alpha(0):             " << prior_.alpha(0)
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                prior = sparse_to_dense(prior_.basis_vectors(0));
                prior_b = prior_.b;
                learn_nonnegative_weights = false;
                last_weight_1 = false;
            }

            bool has_prior (
            ) const
            {
                return prior.size() != 0;
            }

            void set_c (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_linear_trainer::set_c()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                Cpos = C;
                Cneg = C;
            }

            const scalar_type get_c_class1 (
            ) const
            {
                return Cpos;
            }

            const scalar_type get_c_class2 (
            ) const
            {
                return Cneg;
            }

            void set_c_class1 (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_linear_trainer::set_c_class1()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                Cpos = C;
            }

            void set_c_class2 (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_linear_trainer::set_c_class2()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                Cneg = C;
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y
            ) const
            {
                scalar_type obj;
                return do_train(mat(x),mat(y),obj);
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                scalar_type& svm_objective
            ) const
            {
                return do_train(mat(x),mat(y),svm_objective);
            }

        private:

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> do_train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                scalar_type& svm_objective
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_learning_problem(x,y) == true,
                    "\t decision_function svm_c_linear_trainer::train(x,y)"
                    << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t x.nr(): " << x.nr()
                    << "\n\t y.nr(): " << y.nr()
                    << "\n\t x.nc(): " << x.nc()
                    << "\n\t y.nc(): " << y.nc()
                    << "\n\t is_learning_problem(x,y): " << is_learning_problem(x,y)
                    );
    #ifdef ENABLE_ASSERTS
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    DLIB_ASSERT(y(i) == +1 || y(i) == -1,
                        "\t decision_function svm_c_linear_trainer::train(x,y)"
                        << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                        << "\n\t y("<<i<<"): " << y(i)
                    );
                }
    #endif

                typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1> w_type;
                w_type w;

                const unsigned long num_dims = max_index_plus_one(x);

                unsigned long num_nonnegative = 0;
                if (learn_nonnegative_weights)
                {
                    num_nonnegative = num_dims;
                }

                unsigned long force_weight_1_idx = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max();
                if (last_weight_1)
                {
                    force_weight_1_idx = num_dims-1;
                }

                if (has_prior())
                {
                    if (is_matrix<sample_type>::value)
                    {
                        // make sure requires clause is not broken
                        DLIB_CASSERT(num_dims == (unsigned long)prior.size(),
                            "\t decision_function svm_c_linear_trainer::train(x,y)"
                            << "\n\t The dimension of the training vectors must match the dimension of\n"
                            << "\n\t those used to create the prior."
                            << "\n\t num_dims:     " << num_dims
                            << "\n\t prior.size(): " << prior.size()
                        );
                    }
                    const unsigned long dims = std::max(num_dims, (unsigned long)prior.size());
                    // In the case of sparse sample vectors, it is possible that the input
                    // vector dimensionality is larger than the prior vector dimensionality.
                    // We need to check for this case and pad prior with zeros if it is the
                    // case.
                    matrix<scalar_type,0,1> prior_temp = join_cols(join_cols(prior,
                                                                             zeros_matrix<scalar_type>(dims-prior.size(),1)),
                                                                             mat(prior_b));

                    svm_objective = solver(
                        make_oca_problem_c_svm<w_type>(Cpos, Cneg, x, y, verbose, eps, max_iterations, dims),
                        w,
                        prior_temp);
                }
                else
                {
                    svm_objective = solver(
                        make_oca_problem_c_svm<w_type>(Cpos, Cneg, x, y, verbose, eps, max_iterations, num_dims),
                        w,
                        num_nonnegative,
                        force_weight_1_idx);
                }

                // put the solution into a decision function and then return it
                decision_function<kernel_type> df;
                df.b = static_cast<scalar_type>(w(w.size()-1));
                df.basis_vectors.set_size(1);
                // Copy the plane normal into the output basis vector.  The output vector might be a
                // sparse vector container so we need to use this special kind of copy to handle that case.
                // As an aside, the reason for using max_index_plus_one() and not just w.size()-1 is because
                // doing it this way avoids an inane warning from gcc that can occur in some cases.
                const long out_size = max_index_plus_one(x);
                assign(df.basis_vectors(0), matrix_cast<scalar_type>(colm(w, 0, out_size)));
                df.alpha.set_size(1);
                df.alpha(0) = 1;

                return df;
            }

            scalar_type Cpos;
            scalar_type Cneg;
            oca solver;
            scalar_type eps;
            bool verbose;
            unsigned long max_iterations;
            bool learn_nonnegative_weights;
            bool last_weight_1;
            matrix<scalar_type,0,1> prior;
            scalar_type prior_b;
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #endif // DLIB_SVM_C_LiNEAR_TRAINER_Hh_