    // Copyright (C) 2009  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_DPCA_h_
    #define DLIB_DPCA_h_

    #include "dpca_abstract.h"
    #include <limits>
    #include <cmath>
    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include <iostream>

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        class discriminant_pca
        {
            /*!
                INITIAL VALUE
                    - vect_size == 0
                    - total_count == 0
                    - between_count == 0
                    - within_count == 0
                    - between_weight == 1
                    - within_weight == 1

                CONVENTION
                    - vect_size == in_vector_size()
                    - total_count == the number of times add_to_total_variance() has been called.
                    - within_count == the number of times add_to_within_class_variance() has been called.
                    - between_count == the number of times add_to_between_class_variance() has been called.
                    - between_weight == between_class_weight()
                    - within_weight == within_class_weight()

                    - if (total_count != 0)
                        - total_sum == the sum of all vectors given to add_to_total_variance()
                        - the covariance of all the elements given to add_to_total_variance() is given
                          by:
                            - let avg == total_sum/total_count
                            - covariance == total_cov/total_count - avg*trans(avg)
                    - if (within_count != 0)
                        - within_cov/within_count == the normalized within class scatter matrix
                    - if (between_count != 0)
                        - between_cov/between_count == the normalized between class scatter matrix
            !*/

        public:

            struct discriminant_pca_error : public error
            {
                discriminant_pca_error(const std::string& message): error(message) {}
            };

            typedef typename matrix_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef typename matrix_type::type scalar_type;
            typedef typename matrix_type::layout_type layout_type;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type,layout_type> general_matrix;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type,layout_type> column_matrix;

            discriminant_pca (
            )
            {
                clear();
            }

            void clear(
            )
            {
                total_count = 0;
                between_count = 0;
                within_count = 0;

                vect_size = 0;

                between_weight = 1;
                within_weight = 1;

                total_sum.set_size(0);
                between_cov.set_size(0,0);
                total_cov.set_size(0,0);
                within_cov.set_size(0,0);
            }

            long in_vector_size (
            ) const
            {
                return vect_size;
            }

            void set_within_class_weight (
                scalar_type weight
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(weight >= 0,
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::set_within_class_weight()"
                    << "\n\t You can't use negative weight values"
                    << "\n\t weight: " << weight
                    << "\n\t this:   " << this
                    );

                within_weight = weight;
            }

            scalar_type within_class_weight (
            ) const
            {
                return within_weight;
            }

            void set_between_class_weight (
                scalar_type weight
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(weight >= 0,
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::set_between_class_weight()"
                    << "\n\t You can't use negative weight values"
                    << "\n\t weight: " << weight
                    << "\n\t this:   " << this
                    );

                between_weight = weight;
            }

            scalar_type between_class_weight (
            ) const
            {
                return between_weight;
            }

            template <typename EXP1, typename EXP2>
            void add_to_within_class_variance(
                const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x,
                const matrix_exp<EXP2>& y
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_col_vector(x) && is_col_vector(y) &&
                             x.size() == y.size() &&
                             (in_vector_size() == 0 || x.size() == in_vector_size()),
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::add_to_within_class_variance()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(x): " << is_col_vector(x)
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(y): " << is_col_vector(y)
                    << "\n\t x.size():         " << x.size()
                    << "\n\t y.size():         " << y.size()
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                vect_size = x.size();
                if (within_count == 0)
                {
                    within_cov = (x-y)*trans(x-y);
                }
                else
                {
                    within_cov += (x-y)*trans(x-y);
                }
                ++within_count;
            }

            template <typename EXP1, typename EXP2>
            void add_to_between_class_variance(
                const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x,
                const matrix_exp<EXP2>& y
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_col_vector(x) && is_col_vector(y) &&
                             x.size() == y.size() &&
                             (in_vector_size() == 0 || x.size() == in_vector_size()),
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::add_to_between_class_variance()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(x): " << is_col_vector(x)
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(y): " << is_col_vector(y)
                    << "\n\t x.size():         " << x.size()
                    << "\n\t y.size():         " << y.size()
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                vect_size = x.size();
                if (between_count == 0)
                {
                    between_cov = (x-y)*trans(x-y);
                }
                else
                {
                    between_cov += (x-y)*trans(x-y);
                }
                ++between_count;
            }

            template <typename EXP>
            void add_to_total_variance(
                const matrix_exp<EXP>& x
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_col_vector(x) && (in_vector_size() == 0 || x.size() == in_vector_size()),
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::add_to_total_variance()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(x): " << is_col_vector(x)
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t x.size():         " << x.size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                vect_size = x.size();
                if (total_count == 0)
                {
                    total_cov = x*trans(x);
                    total_sum = x;
                }
                else
                {
                    total_cov += x*trans(x);
                    total_sum += x;
                }
                ++total_count;
            }

            const general_matrix dpca_matrix (
                const double eps = 0.99
            ) const
            {
                general_matrix dpca_mat;
                general_matrix eigenvalues;
                dpca_matrix(dpca_mat, eigenvalues, eps);
                return dpca_mat;
            }

            const general_matrix dpca_matrix_of_size (
                const long num_rows
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(0 < num_rows && num_rows <= in_vector_size(),
                    "\t general_matrix discriminant_pca::dpca_matrix_of_size()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t num_rows:         " << num_rows
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                general_matrix dpca_mat;
                general_matrix eigenvalues;
                dpca_matrix_of_size(dpca_mat, eigenvalues, num_rows);
                return dpca_mat;
            }

            void dpca_matrix (
                general_matrix& dpca_mat,
                general_matrix& eigenvalues,
                const double eps = 0.99
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(0 < eps && eps <= 1 && in_vector_size() != 0,
                    "\t void discriminant_pca::dpca_matrix()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t eps:              " << eps
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                compute_dpca_matrix(dpca_mat, eigenvalues, eps, 0);
            }

            void dpca_matrix_of_size (
                general_matrix& dpca_mat,
                general_matrix& eigenvalues,
                const long num_rows
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(0 < num_rows && num_rows <= in_vector_size(),
                    "\t general_matrix discriminant_pca::dpca_matrix_of_size()"
                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t num_rows:         " << num_rows
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size(): " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t this:             " << this
                    );

                compute_dpca_matrix(dpca_mat, eigenvalues, 1, num_rows);
            }

            void swap (
                discriminant_pca& item
            )
            {
                using std::swap;
                swap(total_cov, item.total_cov);
                swap(total_sum, item.total_sum);
                swap(total_count, item.total_count);
                swap(vect_size, item.vect_size);
                swap(between_cov, item.between_cov);

                swap(between_count, item.between_count);
                swap(between_weight, item.between_weight);
                swap(within_cov, item.within_cov);
                swap(within_count, item.within_count);
                swap(within_weight, item.within_weight);
            }

            friend void deserialize (
                discriminant_pca& item,
                std::istream& in
            )
            {
                deserialize( item.total_cov, in);
                deserialize( item.total_sum, in);
                deserialize( item.total_count, in);
                deserialize( item.vect_size, in);
                deserialize( item.between_cov, in);
                deserialize( item.between_count, in);
                deserialize( item.between_weight, in);
                deserialize( item.within_cov, in);
                deserialize( item.within_count, in);
                deserialize( item.within_weight, in);
            }

            friend void serialize (
                const discriminant_pca& item,
                std::ostream& out
            )
            {
                serialize( item.total_cov, out);
                serialize( item.total_sum, out);
                serialize( item.total_count, out);
                serialize( item.vect_size, out);
                serialize( item.between_cov, out);
                serialize( item.between_count, out);
                serialize( item.between_weight, out);
                serialize( item.within_cov, out);
                serialize( item.within_count, out);
                serialize( item.within_weight, out);
            }

            discriminant_pca operator+ (
                const discriminant_pca& item
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT((in_vector_size() == 0 || item.in_vector_size() == 0 || in_vector_size() == item.in_vector_size()) &&
                             between_class_weight() == item.between_class_weight() &&
                             within_class_weight() == item.within_class_weight(),
                    "\t discriminant_pca discriminant_pca::operator+()"
                    << "\n\t The two discriminant_pca objects being added must have compatible parameters"
                    << "\n\t in_vector_size():            " << in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t item.in_vector_size():       " << item.in_vector_size()
                    << "\n\t between_class_weight():      " << between_class_weight()
                    << "\n\t item.between_class_weight(): " << item.between_class_weight()
                    << "\n\t within_class_weight():       " << within_class_weight()
                    << "\n\t item.within_class_weight():  " << item.within_class_weight()
                    << "\n\t this:                        " << this
                    );

                discriminant_pca temp(item);

                // We need to make sure to ignore empty matrices.  That's what these if statements
                // are for.

                if (total_count != 0 && temp.total_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.total_cov += total_cov;
                    temp.total_sum += total_sum;
                    temp.total_count += total_count;
                }
                else if (total_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.total_cov = total_cov;
                    temp.total_sum = total_sum;
                    temp.total_count = total_count;
                }

                if (between_count != 0 && temp.between_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.between_cov += between_cov;
                    temp.between_count += between_count;
                }
                else if (between_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.between_cov = between_cov;
                    temp.between_count = between_count;
                }

                if (within_count != 0 && temp.within_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.within_cov += within_cov;
                    temp.within_count += within_count;
                }
                else if (within_count != 0)
                {
                    temp.within_cov = within_cov;
                    temp.within_count = within_count;
                }

                return temp;
            }

            discriminant_pca& operator+= (
                const discriminant_pca& rhs
            )
            {
                (*this + rhs).swap(*this);
                return *this;
            }

        private:

            void compute_dpca_matrix (
                general_matrix& dpca_mat,
                general_matrix& eigenvalues,
                const double eps,
                long num_rows
            ) const
            {
                general_matrix cov;

                // now combine the three measures of variance into a single matrix by using the
                // within_weight and between_weight weights.
                cov = get_total_covariance_matrix();
                if (within_count != 0)
                    cov -= within_weight*within_cov/within_count;
                if (between_count != 0)
                    cov += between_weight*between_cov/between_count;

                eigenvalue_decomposition<general_matrix> eig(make_symmetric(cov));

                eigenvalues = eig.get_real_eigenvalues();
                dpca_mat = eig.get_pseudo_v();

                // sort the eigenvalues and eigenvectors so that the biggest eigenvalues come first
                rsort_columns(dpca_mat, eigenvalues);

                long num_vectors = 0;
                if (num_rows == 0)
                {
                    // Some of the eigenvalues might be negative.  So first lets zero those out
                    // so they won't get considered.
                    eigenvalues = pointwise_multiply(eigenvalues > 0, eigenvalues);
                    // figure out how many eigenvectors we want in our dpca matrix
                    const double thresh = sum(eigenvalues)*eps;
                    double total = 0;
                    for (long r = 0; r < eigenvalues.size() && total < thresh; ++r)
                    {
                        // Don't even think about looking at eigenvalues that are 0.  If we go this
                        // far then we have all we need.
                        if (eigenvalues(r) == 0)
                            break;

                        ++num_vectors;
                        total += eigenvalues(r);
                    }

                    if (num_vectors == 0)
                        throw discriminant_pca_error("While performing discriminant_pca, all eigenvalues were negative or 0");
                }
                else
                {
                    num_vectors = num_rows;
                }

                // So now we know we want to use num_vectors of the first eigenvectors.  So
                // pull those out and discard the rest.
                dpca_mat = trans(colm(dpca_mat,range(0,num_vectors-1)));

                // also clip off the eigenvalues we aren't using
                eigenvalues = rowm(eigenvalues, range(0,num_vectors-1));

            }

            general_matrix get_total_covariance_matrix (
            ) const
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the covariance matrix of all the data given to the add_to_total_variance()
            !*/
            {
                // if we don't even know the dimensionality of the vectors we are dealing
                // with then just return an empty matrix
                if (vect_size == 0)
                    return general_matrix();

                // we know the vector size but we have zero total covariance.
                if (total_count == 0)
                {
                    general_matrix temp(vect_size,vect_size);
                    temp = 0;
                    return temp;
                }

                // In this case we actually have something to make a total covariance matrix out of.
                // So do that.
                column_matrix avg = total_sum/total_count;

                return total_cov/total_count - avg*trans(avg);
            }

            general_matrix total_cov;
            column_matrix total_sum;
            scalar_type total_count;

            long vect_size;

            general_matrix between_cov;
            scalar_type between_count;
            scalar_type between_weight;

            general_matrix within_cov;
            scalar_type within_count;
            scalar_type within_weight;
        };

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        inline void swap (
            discriminant_pca<matrix_type>& a,
            discriminant_pca<matrix_type>& b
        ) { a.swap(b); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_DPCA_h_