    // Copyright (C) 2006  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #undef DLIB_MATRIx_MATH_FUNCTIONS_ABSTRACT_
    #ifdef DLIB_MATRIx_MATH_FUNCTIONS_ABSTRACT_

    #include "matrix_abstract.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                          Exponential Functions
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp exp (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::exp(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp log10 (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::log10(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp log (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::log(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp sqrt (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == sqrt(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename T>
        const matrix_exp pow (
            const matrix_exp& m,
            const T& e
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == pow(m(r,c),e)
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename T>
        const matrix_exp pow (
            const T& b,
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == pow(b, m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp squared (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == m(r,c)*m(r,c)
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp cubed (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == m(r,c)*m(r,c)*m(r,c)
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                               Miscellaneous
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp sign (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix that tells the sign of each element in m. In particular:
                  returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                        - if (m(r,c) >= 0) then
                            - R(r,c) == +1
                        - else
                            - R(r,c) == -1
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp sigmoid (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == 1/(1 + exp(-m(r,c)))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp abs (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - if (m contains std::complex<T> objects) then
                        - R::type == T
                    - else
                        - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::abs(m(r,c))
                      (note that if m is complex then std::abs(val) performs sqrt(std::norm(val))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp reciprocal (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, long double, std::complex<float>,
                  std::complex<double>, or std::complex<long double>
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                        - if (m(r,c) != 0) then
                            - R(r,c) == 1.0/m(r,c)
                        - else
                            - R(r,c) == 0
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp reciprocal_max (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                        - if (m(r,c) != 0) then
                            - R(r,c) == 1.0/m(r,c)
                        - else
                            - R(r,c) == std::numeric_limits<R::type>::max()
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp normalize (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - if (sqrt(sum(squared(m))) != 0) then
                    - returns m/sqrt(sum(squared(m)))
                - else
                    - returns m
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                          Rounding numbers one way or another
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp round (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - is_built_in_scalar_type<matrix_exp::type>::value == true
                  (i.e. m must contain a type like int, float, double, long, etc.)
            ensures
                - if (m contains integers) then
                    - returns m unmodified
                - else
                    - returns a matrix R such that:
                        - R::type == the same type that was in m
                        - R has the same dimensions as m
                        - for all valid r and c:
                          R(r,c) == m(r,c) rounded to the nearest integral value
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp ceil (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::ceil(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp floor (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::floor(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp round_zeros (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - is_built_in_scalar_type<matrix_exp::type>::value == true
                  (i.e. m must contain a type like int, float, double, long, etc.)
            ensures
                - if (m contains integers) then
                    - returns m unmodified
                - else
                    - returns a matrix R such that:
                        - R::type == the same type that was in m
                        - R has the same dimensions as m
                        - let eps == 10*std::numeric_limits<matrix_exp::type>::epsilon()
                        - for all valid r and c:
                            - if (abs(m(r,c)) >= eps) then
                                - R(r,c) == m(r,c)
                            - else
                                - R(r,c) == 0
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp round_zeros (
            const matrix_exp& m,
            matrix_exp::type eps
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - is_built_in_scalar_type<matrix_exp::type>::value == true
                  (i.e. m must contain a type like int, float, double, long, etc.)
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                        - if (abs(m(r,c)) >= eps) then
                            - R(r,c) == m(r,c)
                        - else
                            - R(r,c) == 0
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                              Complex number utility functions
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp conj (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == std::complex<T>
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == std::complex<T>
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::conj(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp norm (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == std::complex<T>
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == T
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::norm(m(r,c))
                      (note that std::norm(val) == val.real()*val.real() + val.imag()*val.imag())
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp imag (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == std::complex<T>
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == T
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::imag(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp real (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == std::complex<T>
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == T
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::real(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp complex_matrix (
            const matrix_exp& real_part
        );
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == std::complex<T> where T is whatever type real_part used.
                    - R has the same dimensions as real_part.
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::complex(real_part(r,c), 0)
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp complex_matrix (
            const matrix_exp& real_part,
            const matrix_exp& imag_part
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - real_part.nr() == imag_part.nr()
                - real_part.nc() == imag_part.nc()
                - real_part and imag_part both contain the same type of element
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == std::complex<T> where T is whatever type real_part and imag_part used.
                    - R has the same dimensions as real_part and imag_part
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::complex(real_part(r,c),imag_part(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                              Trigonometric Functions
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp sin (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::sin(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp cos (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::cos(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp tan (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::tan(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp asin (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::asin(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp acos (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::acos(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp atan (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::atan(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp sinh (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::sinh(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp cosh (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::cosh(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const matrix_exp tanh (
            const matrix_exp& m
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - matrix_exp::type == float, double, or long double
            ensures
                - returns a matrix R such that:
                    - R::type == the same type that was in m
                    - R has the same dimensions as m
                    - for all valid r and c:
                      R(r,c) == std::tanh(m(r,c))
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_MATRIx_MATH_FUNCTIONS_ABSTRACT_