    // Copyright (C) 2012  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_MIN_CuT_H__
    #define DLIB_MIN_CuT_H__

    #include "min_cut_abstract.h"
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include "general_flow_graph.h"
    #include "../is_kind.h"

    #include <iostream>
    #include <fstream>
    #include <deque>

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    namespace dlib
    {

        typedef unsigned char node_label;

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        const node_label SOURCE_CUT = 0;
        const node_label SINK_CUT = 254;
        const node_label FREE_NODE = 255;

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename flow_graph>
        typename disable_if<is_directed_graph<flow_graph>,typename flow_graph::edge_type>::type
        graph_cut_score (
            const flow_graph& g
        )
        {
            typedef typename flow_graph::edge_type edge_weight_type;
            edge_weight_type score = 0;
            typedef typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iterator;
            for (unsigned long i = 0; i < g.number_of_nodes(); ++i)
            {
                if (g.get_label(i) != SOURCE_CUT)
                    continue;

                for (out_edge_iterator n = g.out_begin(i); n != g.out_end(i); ++n)
                {
                    if (g.get_label(g.node_id(n)) != SOURCE_CUT)
                    {
                        score += g.get_flow(n);
                    }
                }
            }

            return score;
        }

        template <typename directed_graph>
        typename enable_if<is_directed_graph<directed_graph>,typename directed_graph::edge_type>::type
        graph_cut_score (
            const directed_graph& g
        )
        {
            return graph_cut_score(dlib::impl::general_flow_graph<const directed_graph>(g));
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class min_cut
        {

        public:

            min_cut()
            {
            }

            min_cut( const min_cut& )
            {
                // Intentionally left empty since all the member variables
                // don't logically contribute to the state of this object.
                // This copy constructor is here to explicitly avoid the overhead
                // of copying these transient variables.
            }

            template <
                typename directed_graph
                >
            typename enable_if<is_directed_graph<directed_graph> >::type operator() (
                directed_graph& g,
                const unsigned long source_node,
                const unsigned long sink_node
            ) const
            {
                DLIB_ASSERT(graph_contains_length_one_cycle(g) == false,
                            "\t void min_cut::operator()"
                            << "\n\t Invalid arguments were given to this function."
                            );
                DLIB_ASSERT(graph_has_symmetric_edges(g) == true,
                            "\t void min_cut::operator()"
                            << "\n\t Invalid arguments were given to this function."
                            );

                dlib::impl::general_flow_graph<directed_graph> temp(g);
                (*this)(temp, source_node, sink_node);
            }

            template <
                typename flow_graph
                >
            typename disable_if<is_directed_graph<flow_graph> >::type operator() (
                flow_graph& g,
                const unsigned long source_node,
                const unsigned long sink_node
            ) const
            {
    #ifdef ENABLE_ASSERTS
                DLIB_ASSERT(source_node != sink_node &&
                            source_node < g.number_of_nodes() &&
                            sink_node < g.number_of_nodes(),
                        "\t void min_cut::operator()"
                        << "\n\t Invalid arguments were given to this function."
                        << "\n\t g.number_of_nodes(): " << g.number_of_nodes()
                        << "\n\t source_node: " << source_node
                        << "\n\t sink_node:   " << sink_node
                        << "\n\t this:   " << this
                );

                for (unsigned long i = 0; i < g.number_of_nodes(); ++i)
                {
                    typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator j, end = g.out_end(i);
                    for (j = g.out_begin(i); j != end; ++j)
                    {
                        const unsigned long jj = g.node_id(j);
                        DLIB_ASSERT(g.get_flow(i,jj) >= 0,
                                    "\t void min_cut::operator()"
                                    << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
                                    << "\n\t i: "<< i
                                    << "\n\t jj: "<< jj
                                    << "\n\t g.get_flow(i,jj): "<< g.get_flow(i,jj)
                                    << "\n\t this: "<< this
                                    );

                    }
                }
    #endif
                parent.clear();
                active.clear();
                orphans.clear();

                typedef typename flow_graph::edge_type edge_type;
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_signed_type<edge_type>::value);

                typedef typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iterator;
                typedef typename flow_graph::in_edge_iterator in_edge_iterator;

                // initialize labels
                for (unsigned long i = 0; i < g.number_of_nodes(); ++i)
                    g.set_label(i, FREE_NODE);

                g.set_label(source_node, SOURCE_CUT);
                g.set_label(sink_node, SINK_CUT);

                // used to indicate "no parent"
                const unsigned long nil = g.number_of_nodes();

                parent.assign(g.number_of_nodes(), nil);

                time = 1;
                dist.assign(g.number_of_nodes(), 0);
                ts.assign(g.number_of_nodes(), time);

                active.push_back(source_node);
                active.push_back(sink_node);

                in_edge_iterator in_begin = g.in_begin(active[0]);
                out_edge_iterator out_begin = g.out_begin(active[0]);

                unsigned long source_side, sink_side;
                while (grow(g,source_side,sink_side, in_begin, out_begin))
                {
                    ++time;
                    ts[source_node] = time;
                    ts[sink_node] = time;

                    augment(g, source_node, sink_node, source_side, sink_side);
                    adopt(g, source_node, sink_node);
                }

            }

        private:

            unsigned long distance_to_origin (
                const unsigned long nil,
                unsigned long p,
                unsigned long
            ) const
            {
                unsigned long start = p;
                unsigned long count = 0;
                while (p != nil)
                {
                    if (ts[p] == time)
                    {
                        count += dist[p];

                        unsigned long count_down = count;
                        // adjust the dist and ts for the nodes on this path.
                        while (start != p)
                        {
                            ts[start] = time;
                            dist[start] = count_down;
                            --count_down;
                            start = parent[start];
                        }

                        return count;
                    }
                    p = parent[p];
                    ++count;
                }

                return std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max();
            }

            template <typename flow_graph>
            void adopt (
                flow_graph& g,
                const unsigned long source,
                const unsigned long sink
            ) const
            {
                typedef typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iterator;
                typedef typename flow_graph::in_edge_iterator in_edge_iterator;

                // used to indicate "no parent"
                const unsigned long nil = g.number_of_nodes();

                while (orphans.size() > 0)
                {
                    const unsigned long p = orphans.back();
                    orphans.pop_back();

                    const unsigned char label_p = g.get_label(p);

                    // Try to find a valid parent for p.
                    if (label_p == SOURCE_CUT)
                    {
                        const in_edge_iterator begin(g.in_begin(p));
                        const in_edge_iterator end(g.in_end(p));
                        unsigned long best_dist = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max();
                        unsigned long best_node = 0;
                        for(in_edge_iterator q = begin; q != end; ++q)
                        {
                            const unsigned long id = g.node_id(q);

                            if (g.get_label(id) != label_p || g.get_flow(q) <= 0 )
                                continue;

                            unsigned long temp = distance_to_origin(nil, id,source);
                            if (temp < best_dist)
                            {
                                best_dist = temp;
                                best_node = id;
                            }

                        }
                        if (best_dist != std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max())
                        {
                            parent[p] = best_node;
                            dist[p] = dist[best_node] + 1;
                            ts[p] = time;
                        }

                        // if we didn't find a parent for p
                        if (parent[p] == nil)
                        {
                            for(in_edge_iterator q = begin; q != end; ++q)
                            {
                                const unsigned long id = g.node_id(q);

                                if (g.get_label(id) != SOURCE_CUT)
                                    continue;

                                if (g.get_flow(q) > 0)
                                    active.push_back(id);

                                if (parent[id] == p)
                                {
                                    parent[id] = nil;
                                    orphans.push_back(id);
                                }
                            }
                            g.set_label(p, FREE_NODE);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        unsigned long best_node = 0;
                        unsigned long best_dist = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max();
                        const out_edge_iterator begin(g.out_begin(p));
                        const out_edge_iterator end(g.out_end(p));
                        for(out_edge_iterator q = begin; q != end; ++q)
                        {
                            const unsigned long id = g.node_id(q);
                            if (g.get_label(id) != label_p || g.get_flow(q) <= 0)
                                continue;

                            unsigned long temp = distance_to_origin(nil, id,sink);

                            if (temp < best_dist)
                            {
                                best_dist = temp;
                                best_node = id;
                            }
                        }

                        if (best_dist != std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max())
                        {
                            parent[p] = best_node;
                            dist[p] = dist[best_node] + 1;
                            ts[p] = time;
                        }

                        // if we didn't find a parent for p
                        if (parent[p] == nil)
                        {
                            for(out_edge_iterator q = begin; q != end; ++q)
                            {
                                const unsigned long id = g.node_id(q);

                                if (g.get_label(id) != SINK_CUT)
                                    continue;

                                if (g.get_flow(q) > 0)
                                    active.push_back(id);

                                if (parent[id] == p)
                                {
                                    parent[id] = nil;
                                    orphans.push_back(id);
                                }
                            }

                            g.set_label(p, FREE_NODE);
                        }
                    }

                }

            }

            template <typename flow_graph>
            void augment (
                flow_graph& g,
                const unsigned long& source,
                const unsigned long& sink,
                const unsigned long& source_side,
                const unsigned long& sink_side
            ) const
            {
                typedef typename flow_graph::edge_type edge_type;

                // used to indicate "no parent"
                const unsigned long nil = g.number_of_nodes();

                unsigned long s = source_side;
                unsigned long t = sink_side;
                edge_type min_cap = g.get_flow(s,t);

                // find the bottleneck capacity on the current path.

                // check from source_side back to the source for the min capacity link.
                t = s;
                while (t != source)
                {
                    s = parent[t];
                    const edge_type temp = g.get_flow(s, t);
                    if (temp < min_cap)
                    {
                        min_cap = temp;
                    }
                    t = s;
                }

                // check from sink_side back to the sink for the min capacity link
                s = sink_side;
                while (s != sink)
                {
                    t = parent[s];
                    const edge_type temp = g.get_flow(s, t);
                    if (temp < min_cap)
                    {
                        min_cap = temp;
                    }
                    s = t;
                }

                // now push the max possible amount of flow though the path
                s = source_side;
                t = sink_side;
                g.adjust_flow(t,s, min_cap);

                // trace back towards the source
                t = s;
                while (t != source)
                {
                    s = parent[t];
                    g.adjust_flow(t,s, min_cap);
                    if (g.get_flow(s,t) <= 0)
                    {
                        parent[t] = nil;
                        orphans.push_back(t);
                    }

                    t = s;
                }

                // trace back towards the sink
                s = sink_side;
                while (s != sink)
                {
                    t = parent[s];
                    g.adjust_flow(t,s, min_cap);
                    if (g.get_flow(s,t) <= 0)
                    {
                        parent[s] = nil;
                        orphans.push_back(s);
                    }
                    s = t;
                }
            }

            template <typename flow_graph>
            bool grow (
                flow_graph& g,
                unsigned long& source_side,
                unsigned long& sink_side,
                typename flow_graph::in_edge_iterator& in_begin,
                typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator& out_begin
            ) const
            /*!
                ensures
                    - if (an augmenting path was found) then
                        - returns true
                        - (#source_side, #sink_side) == the point where the two trees meet.
                          #source_side is part of the source tree and #sink_side is part of
                          the sink tree.
                    - else
                        - returns false
            !*/
            {
                typedef typename flow_graph::out_edge_iterator out_edge_iterator;
                typedef typename flow_graph::in_edge_iterator in_edge_iterator;

                while (active.size() != 0)
                {
                    // pick an active node
                    const unsigned long A = active[0];

                    const unsigned char label_A = g.get_label(A);

                    // process its neighbors
                    if (label_A == SOURCE_CUT)
                    {
                        const out_edge_iterator out_end = g.out_end(A);
                        for(out_edge_iterator& i = out_begin; i != out_end; ++i)
                        {
                            if (g.get_flow(i) > 0)
                            {
                                const unsigned long id = g.node_id(i);
                                const unsigned char label_i = g.get_label(id);
                                if (label_i == FREE_NODE)
                                {
                                    active.push_back(id);
                                    g.set_label(id,SOURCE_CUT);
                                    parent[id] = A;
                                    ts[id] = ts[A];
                                    dist[id] = dist[A] + 1;
                                }
                                else if (label_A != label_i)
                                {
                                    source_side = A;
                                    sink_side = id;
                                    return true;
                                }
                                else if (is_closer(A, id))
                                {
                                    parent[id] = A;
                                    ts[id] = ts[A];
                                    dist[id] = dist[A] + 1;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (label_A == SINK_CUT)
                    {
                        const in_edge_iterator in_end = g.in_end(A);
                        for(in_edge_iterator& i = in_begin; i != in_end; ++i)
                        {
                            if (g.get_flow(i) > 0)
                            {
                                const unsigned long id = g.node_id(i);
                                const unsigned char label_i = g.get_label(id);
                                if (label_i == FREE_NODE)
                                {
                                    active.push_back(id);
                                    g.set_label(id,SINK_CUT);
                                    parent[id] = A;
                                    ts[id] = ts[A];
                                    dist[id] = dist[A] + 1;
                                }
                                else if (label_A != label_i)
                                {
                                    sink_side = A;
                                    source_side = id;
                                    return true;
                                }
                                else if (is_closer(A, id))
                                {
                                    parent[id] = A;
                                    ts[id] = ts[A];
                                    dist[id] = dist[A] + 1;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    active.pop_front();
                    if (active.size() != 0)
                    {
                        in_begin = g.in_begin(active[0]);
                        out_begin = g.out_begin(active[0]);
                    }
                }

                return false;
            }

            inline bool is_closer (
                unsigned long p,
                unsigned long q
            ) const
            {
                // return true if p is closer to a terminal than q
                return ts[q] <= ts[p] && dist[q] > dist[p];
            }

            mutable std::vector<uint32> dist;
            mutable std::vector<uint32> ts;
            mutable uint32 time;
            mutable std::vector<unsigned long> parent;

            mutable std::deque<unsigned long> active;
            mutable std::vector<unsigned long> orphans;
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #endif // DLIB_MIN_CuT_H__