    // Copyright (C) 2007  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_SOLVE_QP2_USING_SMo_H__
    #define DLIB_SOLVE_QP2_USING_SMo_H__

    #include "optimization_solve_qp2_using_smo_abstract.h"
    #include <cmath>
    #include <limits>
    #include <sstream>
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include "../algs.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class invalid_nu_error : public dlib::error
        {
        public:
            invalid_nu_error(const std::string& msg, double nu_) : dlib::error(msg), nu(nu_) {};
            const double nu;
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename T
            >
        typename T::type maximum_nu_impl (
            const T& y
        )
        {
            typedef typename T::type scalar_type;
            // make sure requires clause is not broken
            DLIB_ASSERT(y.size() > 1 && is_col_vector(y),
                "\ttypedef T::type maximum_nu(y)"
                << "\n\ty should be a column vector with more than one entry"
                << "\n\ty.nr(): " << y.nr()
                << "\n\ty.nc(): " << y.nc()
                );

            long pos_count = 0;
            long neg_count = 0;
            for (long r = 0; r < y.nr(); ++r)
            {
                if (y(r) == 1.0)
                {
                    ++pos_count;
                }
                else if (y(r) == -1.0)
                {
                    ++neg_count;
                }
                else
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT(y(r) == -1.0 || y(r) == 1.0,
                           "\ttypedef T::type maximum_nu(y)"
                           << "\n\ty should contain only 1 and 0 entries"
                           << "\n\tr:    " << r
                           << "\n\ty(r): " << y(r)
                    );
                }
            }
            return static_cast<scalar_type>(2.0*(scalar_type)std::min(pos_count,neg_count)/(scalar_type)y.nr());
        }

        template <
            typename T
            >
        typename T::type maximum_nu (
            const T& y
        )
        {
            return maximum_nu_impl(mat(y));
        }

        template <
            typename T
            >
        typename T::value_type maximum_nu (
            const T& y
        )
        {
            return maximum_nu_impl(mat(y));
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        class solve_qp2_using_smo
        {
        public:
            typedef typename matrix_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef typename matrix_type::type scalar_type;
            typedef typename matrix_type::layout_type layout_type;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type,layout_type> general_matrix;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type,layout_type> column_matrix;

            template <
                typename EXP1,
                typename EXP2,
                long NR
                >
            unsigned long operator() (
                const matrix_exp<EXP1>& Q,
                const matrix_exp<EXP2>& y,
                const scalar_type nu,
                matrix<scalar_type,NR,1,mem_manager_type, layout_type>& alpha,
                scalar_type eps
            )
            {
                DLIB_ASSERT(Q.nr() == Q.nc() && y.size() == Q.nr() && y.size() > 1 && is_col_vector(y) &&
                            sum((y == +1) + (y == -1)) == y.size() &&
                            0 < nu && nu <= 1 &&
                            eps > 0,
                    "\t void solve_qp2_using_smo::operator()"
                    << "\n\t invalid arguments were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t Q.nr():                     " << Q.nr()
                    << "\n\t Q.nc():                     " << Q.nc()
                    << "\n\t is_col_vector(y):           " << is_col_vector(y)
                    << "\n\t y.size():                   " << y.size()
                    << "\n\t sum((y == +1) + (y == -1)): " << sum((y == +1) + (y == -1))
                    << "\n\t nu:                         " << nu
                    << "\n\t eps:                        " << eps
                    );

                alpha.set_size(Q.nr(),1);
                df.set_size(Q.nr());

                // now initialize alpha
                set_initial_alpha(y, nu, alpha);

                const scalar_type tau = 1e-12;

                typedef typename colm_exp<EXP1>::type col_type;

                set_all_elements(df, 0);
                // initialize df.  Compute df = Q*alpha
                for (long r = 0; r < df.nr(); ++r)
                {
                    if (alpha(r) != 0)
                    {
                        df += alpha(r)*matrix_cast<scalar_type>(colm(Q,r));
                    }
                }

                unsigned long count = 0;

                // now perform the actual optimization of alpha
                long i=0, j=0;
                while (find_working_group(y,alpha,Q,df,tau,eps,i,j))
                {
                    ++count;
                    const scalar_type old_alpha_i = alpha(i);
                    const scalar_type old_alpha_j = alpha(j);

                    optimize_working_pair(alpha,Q,df,tau,i,j);

                    // update the df vector now that we have modified alpha(i) and alpha(j)
                    scalar_type delta_alpha_i = alpha(i) - old_alpha_i;
                    scalar_type delta_alpha_j = alpha(j) - old_alpha_j;

                    col_type Q_i = colm(Q,i);
                    col_type Q_j = colm(Q,j);
                    for(long k = 0; k < df.nr(); ++k)
                        df(k) += Q_i(k)*delta_alpha_i + Q_j(k)*delta_alpha_j;
                }

                return count;
            }

            const column_matrix& get_gradient (
            ) const { return df; }

        private:

        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            template <
                typename scalar_type,
                typename scalar_vector_type,
                typename scalar_vector_type2
                >
            inline void set_initial_alpha (
                const scalar_vector_type& y,
                const scalar_type nu,
                scalar_vector_type2& alpha
            ) const
            {
                set_all_elements(alpha,0);
                const scalar_type l = y.nr();
                scalar_type temp = nu*l/2;
                long num = (long)std::floor(temp);
                long num_total = (long)std::ceil(temp);

                bool has_slack = false;
                int count = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                {
                    if (y(i) == 1)
                    {
                        if (count < num)
                        {
                            ++count;
                            alpha(i) = 1;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            has_slack = true;
                            if (num_total > num)
                            {
                                ++count;
                                alpha(i) = temp - std::floor(temp);
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (count != num_total || has_slack == false)
                {
                    std::ostringstream sout;
                    sout << "Invalid nu of " << nu << ".  It is required that: 0 < nu < " << 2*(scalar_type)count/y.nr();
                    throw invalid_nu_error(sout.str(),nu);
                }

                has_slack = false;
                count = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                {
                    if (y(i) == -1)
                    {
                        if (count < num)
                        {
                            ++count;
                            alpha(i) = 1;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            has_slack = true;
                            if (num_total > num)
                            {
                                ++count;
                                alpha(i) = temp - std::floor(temp);
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (count != num_total || has_slack == false)
                {
                    std::ostringstream sout;
                    sout << "Invalid nu of " << nu << ".  It is required that: 0 < nu < " << 2*(scalar_type)count/y.nr();
                    throw invalid_nu_error(sout.str(),nu);
                }
            }

        // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            template <
                typename scalar_vector_type,
                typename scalar_type,
                typename EXP,
                typename U, typename V
                >
            inline bool find_working_group (
                const V& y,
                const U& alpha,
                const matrix_exp<EXP>& Q,
                const scalar_vector_type& df,
                const scalar_type tau,
                const scalar_type eps,
                long& i_out,
                long& j_out
            ) const
            {
                using namespace std;
                long ip = 0;
                long jp = 0;
                long in = 0;
                long jn = 0;

                typedef typename colm_exp<EXP>::type col_type;
                typedef typename diag_exp<EXP>::type diag_type;

                scalar_type ip_val = -numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();
                scalar_type jp_val = numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();
                scalar_type in_val = -numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();
                scalar_type jn_val = numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();

                // loop over the alphas and find the maximum ip and in indices.
                for (long i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                {
                    if (y(i) == 1)
                    {
                        if (alpha(i) < 1.0)
                        {
                            if (-df(i) > ip_val)
                            {
                                ip_val = -df(i);
                                ip = i;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (alpha(i) > 0.0)
                        {
                            if (df(i) > in_val)
                            {
                                in_val = df(i);
                                in = i;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                scalar_type Mp = numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();
                scalar_type Mn = numeric_limits<scalar_type>::infinity();

                // Pick out the columns and diagonal of Q we need below.  Doing
                // it this way is faster if Q is actually a symmetric_matrix_cache
                // object.
                col_type Q_ip = colm(Q,ip);
                col_type Q_in = colm(Q,in);
                diag_type Q_diag = diag(Q);

                // now we need to find the minimum jp and jn indices
                for (long j = 0; j < alpha.nr(); ++j)
                {
                    if (y(j) == 1)
                    {
                        if (alpha(j) > 0.0)
                        {
                            scalar_type b = ip_val + df(j);
                            if (-df(j) < Mp)
                                Mp = -df(j);

                            if (b > 0)
                            {
                                scalar_type a = Q_ip(ip) + Q_diag(j) - 2*Q_ip(j);
                                if (a <= 0)
                                    a = tau;
                                scalar_type temp = -b*b/a;
                                if (temp < jp_val)
                                {
                                    jp_val = temp;
                                    jp = j;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (alpha(j) < 1.0)
                        {
                            scalar_type b = in_val - df(j);
                            if (df(j) < Mn)
                                Mn = df(j);

                            if (b > 0)
                            {
                                scalar_type a = Q_in(in) + Q_diag(j) - 2*Q_in(j);
                                if (a <= 0)
                                    a = tau;
                                scalar_type temp = -b*b/a;
                                if (temp < jn_val)
                                {
                                    jn_val = temp;
                                    jn = j;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // if we are at the optimal point then return false so the caller knows
                // to stop optimizing
                if (std::max(ip_val - Mp, in_val - Mn) < eps)
                    return false;

                if (jp_val < jn_val)
                {
                    i_out = ip;
                    j_out = jp;
                }
                else
                {
                    i_out = in;
                    j_out = jn;
                }

                return true;
            }

        // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            template <
                typename EXP,
                typename T, typename U
                >
            inline void optimize_working_pair (
                T& alpha,
                const matrix_exp<EXP>& Q,
                const U& df,
                const scalar_type tau,
                const long i,
                const long j
            ) const
            {
                scalar_type quad_coef = Q(i,i)+Q(j,j)-2*Q(j,i);
                if (quad_coef <= 0)
                    quad_coef = tau;
                scalar_type delta = (df(i)-df(j))/quad_coef;
                scalar_type sum = alpha(i) + alpha(j);
                alpha(i) -= delta;
                alpha(j) += delta;

                if(sum > 1)
                {
                    if(alpha(i) > 1)
                    {
                        alpha(i) = 1;
                        alpha(j) = sum - 1;
                    }
                    else if(alpha(j) > 1)
                    {
                        alpha(j) = 1;
                        alpha(i) = sum - 1;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if(alpha(j) < 0)
                    {
                        alpha(j) = 0;
                        alpha(i) = sum;
                    }
                    else if(alpha(i) < 0)
                    {
                        alpha(i) = 0;
                        alpha(j) = sum;
                    }
                }
            }

        // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            column_matrix df; // gradient of f(alpha)
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_SOLVE_QP2_USING_SMo_H__