    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_SVM_C_EKm_TRAINER_H__
    #define DLIB_SVM_C_EKm_TRAINER_H__

    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "function.h"
    #include "kernel.h"
    #include "empirical_kernel_map.h"
    #include "svm_c_linear_trainer.h"
    #include "svm_c_ekm_trainer_abstract.h"
    #include "../statistics.h"
    #include "../rand.h"
    #include <vector>

    namespace dlib
    {
        template <
            typename K
            >
        class svm_c_ekm_trainer
        {

        public:
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename kernel_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef decision_function<kernel_type> trained_function_type;

            svm_c_ekm_trainer (
            )
            {
                verbose = false;
                ekm_stale = true;

                initial_basis_size = 10;
                basis_size_increment = 50;
                max_basis_size = 300;
            }

            explicit svm_c_ekm_trainer (
                const scalar_type& C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t svm_c_ekm_trainer::svm_c_ekm_trainer()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                ocas.set_c(C);
                verbose = false;
                ekm_stale = true;

                initial_basis_size = 10;
                basis_size_increment = 50;
                max_basis_size = 300;
            }

            void set_epsilon (
                scalar_type eps
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(eps > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_epsilon()"
                    << "\n\t eps must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t eps: " << eps
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                ocas.set_epsilon(eps);
            }

            const scalar_type get_epsilon (
            ) const
            {
                return ocas.get_epsilon();
            }

            void set_max_iterations (
                unsigned long max_iter
            )
            {
                ocas.set_max_iterations(max_iter);
            }

            unsigned long get_max_iterations (
            )
            {
                return ocas.get_max_iterations();
            }

            void be_verbose (
            )
            {
                verbose = true;
                ocas.be_quiet();
            }

            void be_very_verbose (
            )
            {
                verbose = true;
                ocas.be_verbose();
            }

            void be_quiet (
            )
            {
                verbose = false;
                ocas.be_quiet();
            }

            void set_oca (
                const oca& item
            )
            {
                ocas.set_oca(item);
            }

            const oca get_oca (
            ) const
            {
                return ocas.get_oca();
            }

            const kernel_type get_kernel (
            ) const
            {
                return kern;
            }

            void set_kernel (
                const kernel_type& k
            )
            {
                kern = k;
                ekm_stale = true;
            }

            template <typename T>
            void set_basis (
                const T& basis_samples
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(basis_samples.size() > 0 && is_vector(mat(basis_samples)),
                    "\tvoid svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_basis(basis_samples)"
                    << "\n\t You have to give a non-empty set of basis_samples and it must be a vector"
                    << "\n\t basis_samples.size():                       " << basis_samples.size()
                    << "\n\t is_vector(mat(basis_samples)): " << is_vector(mat(basis_samples))
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                basis = mat(basis_samples);
                ekm_stale = true;
            }

            bool basis_loaded(
            ) const
            {
                return (basis.size() != 0);
            }

            void clear_basis (
            )
            {
                basis.set_size(0);
                ekm.clear();
                ekm_stale = true;
            }

            unsigned long get_max_basis_size (
            ) const
            {
                return max_basis_size;
            }

            void set_max_basis_size (
                unsigned long max_basis_size_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(max_basis_size_ > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_max_basis_size()"
                    << "\n\t max_basis_size_ must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t max_basis_size_: " << max_basis_size_
                    << "\n\t this:            " << this
                    );

                max_basis_size = max_basis_size_;
                if (initial_basis_size > max_basis_size)
                    initial_basis_size = max_basis_size;
            }

            unsigned long get_initial_basis_size (
            ) const
            {
                return initial_basis_size;
            }

            void set_initial_basis_size (
                unsigned long initial_basis_size_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(initial_basis_size_ > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_initial_basis_size()"
                    << "\n\t initial_basis_size_ must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t initial_basis_size_: " << initial_basis_size_
                    << "\n\t this:                " << this
                    );

                initial_basis_size = initial_basis_size_;

                if (initial_basis_size > max_basis_size)
                    max_basis_size = initial_basis_size;
            }

            unsigned long get_basis_size_increment (
            ) const
            {
                return basis_size_increment;
            }

            void set_basis_size_increment (
                unsigned long basis_size_increment_
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(basis_size_increment_ > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_basis_size_increment()"
                    << "\n\t basis_size_increment_ must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t basis_size_increment_: " << basis_size_increment_
                    << "\n\t this:                  " << this
                    );

                basis_size_increment = basis_size_increment_;
            }

            void set_c (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_c()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                ocas.set_c(C);
            }

            const scalar_type get_c_class1 (
            ) const
            {
                return ocas.get_c_class1();
            }

            const scalar_type get_c_class2 (
            ) const
            {
                return ocas.get_c_class2();
            }

            void set_c_class1 (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_c_class1()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                ocas.set_c_class1(C);
            }

            void set_c_class2 (
                scalar_type C
            )
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(C > 0,
                    "\t void svm_c_ekm_trainer::set_c_class2()"
                    << "\n\t C must be greater than 0"
                    << "\n\t C:    " << C
                    << "\n\t this: " << this
                    );

                ocas.set_c_class2(C);
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y
            ) const
            {
                scalar_type obj;
                if (basis_loaded())
                    return do_train_user_basis(mat(x),mat(y),obj);
                else
                    return do_train_auto_basis(mat(x),mat(y),obj);
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> train (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                scalar_type& svm_objective
            ) const
            {
                if (basis_loaded())
                    return do_train_user_basis(mat(x),mat(y),svm_objective);
                else
                    return do_train_auto_basis(mat(x),mat(y),svm_objective);
            }

        private:

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> do_train_user_basis (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                scalar_type& svm_objective
            ) const
            /*!
                requires
                    - basis_loaded() == true
                ensures
                    - trains an SVM with the user supplied basis
            !*/
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_binary_classification_problem(x,y) == true,
                    "\t decision_function svm_c_ekm_trainer::train(x,y)"
                    << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t x.nr(): " << x.nr()
                    << "\n\t y.nr(): " << y.nr()
                    << "\n\t x.nc(): " << x.nc()
                    << "\n\t y.nc(): " << y.nc()
                    << "\n\t is_binary_classification_problem(x,y): " << is_binary_classification_problem(x,y)
                    );

                if (ekm_stale)
                {
                    ekm.load(kern, basis);
                    ekm_stale = false;
                }

                // project all the samples with the ekm
                running_stats<scalar_type> rs;
                std::vector<matrix<scalar_type,0,1, mem_manager_type> > proj_samples;
                proj_samples.reserve(x.size());
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    if (verbose)
                    {
                        scalar_type err;
                        proj_samples.push_back(ekm.project(x(i), err));
                        rs.add(err);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        proj_samples.push_back(ekm.project(x(i)));
                    }
                }

                if (verbose)
                {
                    std::cout << "\nMean EKM projection error:                  " << rs.mean() << std::endl;
                    std::cout << "Standard deviation of EKM projection error: " << rs.stddev() << std::endl;
                }

                // now do the training
                decision_function<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,1, mem_manager_type> > > df;
                df = ocas.train(proj_samples, y, svm_objective);

                if (verbose)
                {
                    std::cout << "Final svm objective: " << svm_objective << std::endl;
                }

                decision_function<kernel_type> final_df;
                final_df = ekm.convert_to_decision_function(df.basis_vectors(0));
                final_df.b = df.b;
                return final_df;
            }

            template <
                typename in_sample_vector_type,
                typename in_scalar_vector_type
                >
            const decision_function<kernel_type> do_train_auto_basis (
                const in_sample_vector_type& x,
                const in_scalar_vector_type& y,
                scalar_type& svm_objective
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_binary_classification_problem(x,y) == true,
                    "\t decision_function svm_c_ekm_trainer::train(x,y)"
                    << "\n\t invalid inputs were given to this function"
                    << "\n\t x.nr(): " << x.nr()
                    << "\n\t y.nr(): " << y.nr()
                    << "\n\t x.nc(): " << x.nc()
                    << "\n\t y.nc(): " << y.nc()
                    << "\n\t is_binary_classification_problem(x,y): " << is_binary_classification_problem(x,y)
                    );

                std::vector<matrix<scalar_type,0,1, mem_manager_type> > proj_samples(x.size());
                decision_function<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,1, mem_manager_type> > > df;

                // we will use a linearly_independent_subset_finder to store our basis set.
                linearly_independent_subset_finder<kernel_type> lisf(get_kernel(), max_basis_size);

                dlib::rand rnd;

                // first pick the initial basis set randomly
                for (unsigned long i = 0; i < 10*initial_basis_size && lisf.size() < initial_basis_size; ++i)
                {
                    lisf.add(x(rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%x.size()));
                }

                ekm.load(lisf);

                // first project all samples into the span of the current basis
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    proj_samples[i] = ekm.project(x(i));
                }

                svm_c_linear_trainer<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> > > trainer(ocas);

                const scalar_type min_epsilon = trainer.get_epsilon();
                // while we are determining what the basis set will be we are going to use a very
                // lose stopping condition.  We will tighten it back up before producing the
                // final decision_function.
                trainer.set_epsilon(0.2);

                scalar_type prev_svm_objective = std::numeric_limits<scalar_type>::max();

                empirical_kernel_map<kernel_type> prev_ekm;

                // This loop is where we try to generate a basis for SVM training.  We will
                // do this by repeatedly training the SVM and adding a few points which violate the
                // margin to the basis in each iteration.
                while (true)
                {
                    // if the basis is already as big as it's going to get then just do the most
                    // accurate training right now.
                    if (lisf.size() == max_basis_size)
                        trainer.set_epsilon(min_epsilon);

                    while (true)
                    {
                        // now do the training.
                        df = trainer.train(proj_samples, y, svm_objective);

                        if (svm_objective < prev_svm_objective)
                            break;

                        // If the training didn't reduce the objective more than last time then
                        // try lowering the epsilon and doing it again.
                        if (trainer.get_epsilon() > min_epsilon)
                        {
                            trainer.set_epsilon(std::max(trainer.get_epsilon()*0.5, min_epsilon));
                            if (verbose)
                                std::cout << " *** Reducing epsilon to " << trainer.get_epsilon() << std::endl;
                        }
                        else
                            break;
                    }

                    if (verbose)
                    {
                        std::cout << "svm objective: " << svm_objective << std::endl;
                        std::cout << "basis size: " << lisf.size() << std::endl;
                    }

                    // if we failed to make progress on this iteration then we are done
                    if (svm_objective >= prev_svm_objective)
                        break;

                    prev_svm_objective = svm_objective;

                    // now add more elements to the basis
                    unsigned long count = 0;
                    for (unsigned long j = 0;
                         (j < 100*basis_size_increment) && (count < basis_size_increment) && (lisf.size() < max_basis_size);
                         ++j)
                    {
                        // pick a random sample
                        const unsigned long idx = rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%x.size();
                        // If it is a margin violator then it is useful to add it into the basis set.
                        if (df(proj_samples[idx])*y(idx) < 1)
                        {
                            // Add the sample into the basis set if it is linearly independent of all the
                            // vectors already in the basis set.
                            if (lisf.add(x(idx)))
                            {
                                ++count;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // if we couldn't add any more basis vectors then stop
                    if (count == 0)
                    {
                        if (verbose)
                            std::cout << "Stopping, couldn't add more basis vectors." << std::endl;
                        break;
                    }

                    // Project all the samples into the span of our newly enlarged basis.  We will do this
                    // using the special transformation in the EKM that lets us project from a smaller
                    // basis set to a larger without needing to reevaluate kernel functions we have already
                    // computed.
                    ekm.swap(prev_ekm);
                    ekm.load(lisf);
                    projection_function<kernel_type> proj_part;
                    matrix<double> prev_to_new;
                    prev_ekm.get_transformation_to(ekm, prev_to_new, proj_part);

                    matrix<scalar_type,0,1, mem_manager_type> temp;
                    for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                    {
                        // assign to temporary to avoid memory allocation that would result if we
                        // assigned this expression straight into proj_samples[i]
                        temp = prev_to_new*proj_samples[i] + proj_part(x(i));
                        proj_samples[i] = temp;

                    }
                }

                // Reproject all the data samples using the final basis.  We could just use what we
                // already have but the recursive thing done above to compute the proj_samples
                // might have accumulated a little numerical error.  So lets just be safe.
                running_stats<scalar_type> rs, rs_margin;
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    if (verbose)
                    {
                        scalar_type err;
                        proj_samples[i] = ekm.project(x(i),err);
                        rs.add(err);
                        // if this point is within the margin
                        if (df(proj_samples[i])*y(i) < 1)
                            rs_margin.add(err);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        proj_samples[i] = ekm.project(x(i));
                    }
                }

                // do the final training
                trainer.set_epsilon(min_epsilon);
                df = trainer.train(proj_samples, y, svm_objective);

                if (verbose)
                {
                    std::cout << "\nMean EKM projection error:                  " << rs.mean() << std::endl;
                    std::cout << "Standard deviation of EKM projection error: " << rs.stddev() << std::endl;
                    std::cout << "Mean EKM projection error for margin violators:                  " << rs_margin.mean() << std::endl;
                    std::cout << "Standard deviation of EKM projection error for margin violators: " << ((rs_margin.current_n()>1)?rs_margin.stddev():0) << std::endl;

                    std::cout << "Final svm objective: " << svm_objective << std::endl;
                }

                decision_function<kernel_type> final_df;
                final_df = ekm.convert_to_decision_function(df.basis_vectors(0));
                final_df.b = df.b;

                // we don't need the ekm anymore so clear it out
                ekm.clear();

                return final_df;
            }

            /*!
                CONVENTION
                    - if (ekm_stale) then
                        - kern or basis have changed since the last time
                          they were loaded into the ekm
            !*/

            svm_c_linear_trainer<linear_kernel<matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> > > ocas;
            bool verbose;

            kernel_type kern;
            unsigned long max_basis_size;
            unsigned long basis_size_increment;
            unsigned long initial_basis_size;

            matrix<sample_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> basis;
            mutable empirical_kernel_map<kernel_type> ekm;
            mutable bool ekm_stale;

        };

    }

    #endif // DLIB_SVM_C_EKm_TRAINER_H__