    // Copyright (C) 2013  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #undef DLIB_VECTOR_NORMALIZER_FRoBMETRIC_ABSTRACT_H__
    #ifdef DLIB_VECTOR_NORMALIZER_FRoBMETRIC_ABSTRACT_H__

    #include "../matrix.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        struct frobmetric_training_sample
        {
            /*!
                WHAT THIS OBJECT REPRESENTS
                    This object represents a training data sample for the
                    vector_normalizer_frobmetric object.  It defines a set of training triplets
                    relative to a single anchor_vect vector.  That is, it specifies that the
                    learned distance metric should satisfy num_triples() constraints which are,
                    for all valid i and j:
                        length(T*anchor_vect-T*near_vects[i]) + 1 < length(T*anchor_vect - T*far_vects[j])
                    for some appropriate linear transformation T which will be learned by
                    vector_normalizer_frobmetric.
            !*/

            matrix_type anchor_vect;
            std::vector<matrix_type> near_vects;
            std::vector<matrix_type> far_vects;

            unsigned long num_triples (
            ) const { return near_vects.size() * far_vects.size(); }
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of training triplets defined by this object.
            !*/

            void clear()
            /*!
                ensures
                    - #near_vects.size() == 0
                    - #far_vects.size() == 0
            !*/
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        class vector_normalizer_frobmetric
        {
            /*!
                REQUIREMENTS ON matrix_type
                    - must be a dlib::matrix object capable of representing column
                      vectors

                INITIAL VALUE
                    - in_vector_size() == 0
                    - out_vector_size() == 0
                    - get_epsilon() == 0.1
                    - get_c() == 1
                    - get_max_iterations() == 5000
                    - This object is not verbose

                WHAT THIS OBJECT REPRESENTS
                    This object is a tool for performing the FrobMetric distance metric
                    learning algorithm described in the following paper:
                        A Scalable Dual Approach to Semidefinite Metric Learning
                        By Chunhua Shen, Junae Kim, Lei Wang, in CVPR 2011

                    Therefore, this object is a tool that takes as input training triplets
                    (anchor_vect, near, far) of vectors and attempts to learn a linear
                    transformation T such that:
                        length(T*anchor_vect-T*near) + 1 < length(T*anchor_vect - T*far)
                    That is, you give a bunch of anchor_vect vectors and for each anchor_vect
                    you specify some vectors which should be near to it and some that should be
                    far form it.  This object then tries to find a transformation matrix that
                    makes the "near" vectors close to their anchors while the "far" vectors are
                    farther away.

                THREAD SAFETY
                    Note that this object contains a cached matrix object it uses
                    to store intermediate results for normalization.  This avoids
                    needing to reallocate it every time this object performs normalization
                    but also makes it non-thread safe.  So make sure you don't share
                    instances of this object between threads.
            !*/

        public:
            typedef typename matrix_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;
            typedef typename matrix_type::type scalar_type;
            typedef matrix_type result_type;

            vector_normalizer_frobmetric (
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - this object is properly initialized
            !*/

            void be_verbose(
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - This object will print status messages to standard out so the user can
                      observe the progress of the train() routine.
            !*/

            void be_quiet (
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - this object will not print anything to standard out.
            !*/

            void set_epsilon (
                double eps
            );
            /*!
                requires
                    - eps > 0
                ensures
                    - #get_epsilon() == eps
            !*/

            double get_epsilon (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the error epsilon that determines when training should stop.
                      Smaller values may result in a more accurate solution but take longer to
                      execute.
            !*/

            void set_c (
                double C
            );
            /*!
                requires
                    - C > 0
                ensures
                    - #set_c() == C
            !*/

            double get_c (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the regularization parameter.  It is the parameter that
                      determines the trade-off between trying to fit the training data exactly
                      or allowing more errors but hopefully improving the generalization of the
                      resulting distance metric.  Larger values encourage exact fitting while
                      smaller values of C may encourage better generalization.
            !*/

            void set_max_iterations (
                unsigned long max_iterations
            );
            /*!
                ensures
                    - #get_max_iterations() == max_iterations
            !*/

            unsigned long get_max_iterations (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - The train() routine uses an iterative numerical solver to find the best
                      distance metric.  This function returns the maximum allowable number of
                      iterations it will use before terminating.  Note that typically the
                      solver terminates prior to the max iteration count limit due to the error
                      dropping below get_epsilon().
            !*/

            void train (
                const std::vector<frobmetric_training_sample<matrix_type> >& samples
            );
            /*!
                requires
                    - samples.size() != 0
                    - All matrices inside samples (i.e. anchors and elements of near_vects and far_vects)
                      are column vectors with the same non-zero dimension.
                    - All the vectors in samples contain finite values.
                    - All elements of samples contain data, specifically, for all valid i:
                        - samples[i].num_triples() != 0
                ensures
                    - learns a distance metric from the given training samples.  After train
                      finishes you can use this object's operator() to transform vectors
                      according to the learned distance metric.  In particular, we will have:
                        - #transform() == The linear transformation learned by the FrobMetric
                          learning procedure.
                        - #in_vector_size() == samples[0].anchor_vect.size()
                        - You can call (*this)(x) to transform a vector according to the learned
                          distance metric.  That is, it should generally be the case that:
                            - length((*this)(anchor_vect) - (*this)(near)) + 1 < length((*this)(anchor_vect) - (*this)(far))
                          for the anchor_vect, near, and far vectors in the training data.
                        - #transformed_means() == the mean of the input anchor_vect vectors
                          after being transformed by #transform()
            !*/

            long in_vector_size (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of rows that input vectors are required to contain if
                      they are to be normalized by this object.
            !*/

            long out_vector_size (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns the number of rows in the normalized vectors that come out of
                      this object.
                    - The value returned is always in_vector_size().  So out_vector_size() is
                      just provided to maintain interface consistency with other vector
                      normalizer objects.  That is, the transformations applied by this object
                      do not change the dimensionality of the vectors.
            !*/

            const matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type>& transformed_means (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns a column vector V such that:
                        - V.size() == in_vector_size()
                        - V is a vector such that subtracting it from transformed vectors
                          results in them having an expected value of 0.  Therefore, it is
                          equal to transform() times the mean of the input anchor_vect vectors
                          given to train().
            !*/

            const matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type>& transform (
            ) const;
            /*!
                ensures
                    - returns a copy of the transformation matrix we learned during the last
                      call to train().
                    - The returned matrix is square and has in_vector_size() by in_vector_size()
                      dimensions.
            !*/

            const result_type& operator() (
                const matrix_type& x
            ) const;
            /*!
                requires
                    - in_vector_size() != 0
                    - in_vector_size() == x.size()
                    - is_col_vector(x) == true
                ensures
                    - returns a normalized version of x, call it Z, that has the following
                      properties:
                        - Z == The result of applying the linear transform we learned during
                          train() to the input vector x.
                        - Z == transformed()*x-transformed_means()
                        - is_col_vector(Z) == true
                        - Z.size() == x.size()
                        - The expected value of each element of Z is 0.
            !*/
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        void serialize (
            const vector_normalizer_frobmetric<matrix_type>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        );
        /*!
            provides serialization support
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename matrix_type
            >
        void deserialize (
            vector_normalizer_frobmetric<matrix_type>& item,
            std::istream& in
        );
        /*!
            provides deserialization support
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_VECTOR_NORMALIZER_FRoBMETRIC_ABSTRACT_H__