# Connection handling in the OPAL library

## Overview

This page of the documentation is designed to provide an understanding of the use of the OpalConnection class in the OPAL library. From the description, you will be able to add your own voip protocol to OPAL, and utilise the features provided by the existing class structure.

Key to understanding the OpalConnection class is that this class is responsible for supervising the call signaling and media control for one call.

There will be one descendant of this OpalConnection class created for each protocol that is supported.

## Call Phases

Defined in OpalConnection, there is an enum (OpalConnection::Phases) that describes the different stages of the call. Note that all OpalConnection instances go through these phases as a call progresses. Even the OpalPCSSConnection, which is the connection of PCM audio to/from the sound card, will (at some time) be in each of the available phases.

To illustrate the meaning of the phases, we will descibe a very simple voip protocol. This example protocol will also be used to show when the different callbacks happen, and when the phases are changed at either endpoint of the call.

The two endpoints in the call are labelled L and R (left and right). L is making a call to R

- L goes to OpalConnection::SetUpPhase, and sends invite packet to R
- R goes to OpalConnection::SetUpPhase, and starts ringing the phone
- R goes to OpalConnection::AlertingPhase
- R sends a message to L, "my phone is ringing"
- L goes to OpalConnection::AlertingPhase
- L sends a message to R, "I can only do G711 ALaw, RTP data to port 5400"
- R sends s message to L, "Ok, we talk with G711 ALaw, send RTP data to me on port 5401"
- R and L both wait for R's user to accept the ringing phone
- R's user accepts the call by picking up the phone
- R goes to OpalConnection::ConnectedPhase
- R tells L that the call is accepted
- L goes to OpalConnection::ConnectedPhase
- R notices that media type is agreed on, the call is accepted, so goes to OpalConnection::EstablishedPhase
- R realises that L knows everything is good for a call, so sends media to L
- L reads the accepted message from R, goes to OpalConnection::EstablishedPhase
- L sends media to R
- both L and R exchange G711 ALaw on RTP port s 5400 and 5401
- L (it could be R) sends a hangup message to R
- L goes to OpalConnection::ReleasingPhase, and then stops all media traffic.
- R receives the hangup message, goes to OpalConnection::ReleasingPhase, and stops all media traffic
- L (and R) switch to OpalConnection::ReleasedPhase when all media and control streams have been terminated.

In the example above, if R had answered yes immediately, the call could not move immediately to OpalConnection::EstablishedPhase as the media types were not agreed on.

In the example above, we have described the decision process as to the codec type, and the ports used. This decision process is not necessarily directly handled by the OpalConnection descendant. For IAX2, where media negotiation is an integral part of setting up the call, the IAX2Connection does media negotiation. However, for SIP, there are SDPBandwidth, SDPMediaDescription, SDPMediaFormat, SDPSessionDescription classes for handling media negotiation. For the case of a pstn gateway using ISDN, there is no media negotiation. It always uses G.711 and the same "port" (the B channel).

The different phases are.

- OpalConnection::UninitialisedPhase - there is no call active. An OpalConnection takes this phase when instantiated.

- OpalConnection::SetUpPhase - the call is being created. This is around the time of the first packet, which announces the intent to create a call. At this point, there is no agreement on the media format etc.

- OpalConnection::AlertingPhase - the OpalConnection instance is aware the phone is ringing.

- OpalConnection::ConnectedPhase - both endpoints have accepted the call, there may or may not be agreement on media at this time. Note that in many systems this constitutes the start of charging for a call.

- OpalConnection::EstablishedPhase - we are "connected", there is agreement on the media type, network ports, media can flow. This is the condition that contitutes a call being "ready to use".

- OpalConnection::ReleasingPhase - Either side (L or R) has said "hangup". The media streams are in the process of closing down.

- OpalConnection::ReleasedPhase - Media and control streams have closed down. When the call is in this phase, there is no possibility of additional messages between L and R.

- OpalConnection::NumPhases - Used for internal accounting. This indicates that the phase is unknown.

## OnEvent Callbacks in Opal

An OnXXX function is called when an external stimuli from the protocol occurs and a SetXXX function may be called by OPAL to perform the protocol command. For example OnAlerting is called when the H.323 ALERTING packet is received, and SetAlerting transmits the ALERTING packet.

It is the OpalConnection class (or descendant) which is in charge of handling the control packets of a particular protocol. Consequently, it is only code in this class which sets the current call phase variable. Further, most events are generated in the OpalConnection class, which are usually passed back to the OpalEndPoint, then to the OpalManager, and usually on to the OpalCall class.

Consequently, if a descendant of the OpalManager has been created, the application will have access to to notification on when the phase of a call has changed. Applications may create descendants of the H323Connection and SIPConnection to get protocol specific information about call progress.

Whenever the application does override a method in OpalManager (or OpalEndPoint, or OpalConnection), the application should

- spend the minimum of time in the overridden method, as this is holding up call processing
- call the method that was overridden, to ensure the correct operation of Opal

The stages in a call, as applies to the methods provided by the OpalEndPoint, OpalConnection, OpalCall and Manager classes.

- The OpalConnection derivative, on deciding that a call is ready to begin negotiations as to media etc, sets the phase to OpalConnection::SetUpPhase, and invoke OpalCall::OnSetUp(). Note that it is only partyA which invokes OpalCall::OnSetUp(). Then, for the other OpalConnection instance in this voip call, the methods OpalConnection::SetUpConnection and OpalConnection::OnSetUpConnection are invoked. The OpalConnection::OnSetUpConnection then invokes OpalEndPoint::OnSetUpConnection().

- The recipient of an incoming voip call (R from example above) will go straight from OpalConnection::UninitialisedPhase to OpalConnection::AlertingPhase, on receipt of the INVITE/Hello packet. The initiator of a voip call (L from example above) moves to OpalConnection::AlertingPhase on receiving a notice the call has not been immediately rejected.

- When an OpalConnection instance moves to OpalConnection::OnAlerting phase, which invokes OpalConnection::OnAlerting, which invokes OpalEndPoint::OnAlerting, which invokes OpalManager::OnAlerting, which invokes OpalCall::OnAlerting. The OpalCall::OnAlerting method then invokes the OpalConnection::SetAlerting method of the other OpalConnection instance in this call (which is partyB). Consequently, when one OpalConnection instance in a call does OpalConnection::OnAlerting, the other OpalConnection instance in the call does a OpalConnection::SetAlerting.

- The method for deciding on the appropriate media to use, and for deciding when the user at R actually picks up the remote phone to accept the call, is entirely protocol specific. This decision making process is handled by code in the descendant of the OpalConnection class. As much of the common behaviour is abstracted to OpalConnection, OpalMediaFormat etc as possible, but the details must reside in the OpalConnection.

- When the signaling is completed, and the call is accepted at R, both L and R will move to the OpalConnection::ConnectedPhase, and invoke OpalConnection::OnConnected. which invokes OpalEndPoint::OnConnected, which invokes OpalManager::OnConnected, which invokes OpalCall::OnConnected. The OpalCall::OnConnected method then invokes the OpalConnection::SetConnected method of the other OpalConnection instance in this call (which is partyB). Consequently, when one OpalConnection instance in a call does OpalConnection::OnConnected, the other OpalConnection instance in the call does a OpalConnection::SetConnected. The operation of the OpalConnection::SetConnected method is currently empty - it is a protocol dependant thing exactly how to respond.

- When the media is decided on, and the call has been accepted at R, media can flow. At the point where the media threads are created and agreed on at both ends, the call is marked as OpalConnection::OnEstablished. It is the transition to the established phase that starts the media streams. The descendant of OpalConnection decides to move to established phase, and invokes OpalConnection::OnEstablished. which starts the media streams and invokes OpalEndPoint::OnEstablished, which invokes OpalManager::OnEstablished., which invokes OpalCall::OnEstablished. The OpalCall::OnEstablished method then checks that there are two OpalConnection instances in the call, and starts the media streams on the calling connection. The OpalCall::OnEstablished method then checks that all OpalConnection instances in this call are marked as Established. Fininally, the OpalCall::OnEstablishedCall method is invoked, which then invokes OpalManager::OnEstablishedCall. The OpalManager::OnEstablishedCall method is empty, but if an application overrides this method, the application will get notification of when a call has started sending media.

- Calls are terminated by the OpalManager::ClearCall method, which invokes OpalCall::Clear. For each OpalConnection instance in the OpalCall class, the OpalConnection::Release method is invoked. The call phase is switched to OpalConnection::ReleasingPhase and a thread is created to close down the OpalConnection instance. This thread invokes OpalConnection::OnRelease, which then invokes OpalConnection::OnReleased, closes the media streams, and then invokes OpalEndPoint::OnReleased. The endpoint invokes OpalManager::OnReleased, which invokes OpalCall::OnReleased. The OpalCall::OnReleased method will do OpalConnection::Release() on the other OpalConnection instance managed by the OpalCall (if the other OpalConnection is still there). Once all OpalConnection instances have gone from the OpalCall, OpalCall::OnCleared is invoked, which invokes OpalManager::OnClearedCall. The OpalManager::OnClearedCall method is empty, but can be overridden by the application to get notification when all components of a call (media, control) have fully terminated.