UNITS(7)

NAME
units - decimal and binary prefixes

DESCRIPTION

  Decimal prefixes
The SI system of units uses prefixes that indicate powers of ten. A kilometer is 1000 meter, and a megawatt is 1000000 watt. Below the standard prefixes.
    Prefix | Name | Value
    y | yocto | 10^-24 = 0.000000000000000000000001
    z | zepto | 10^-21 = 0.000000000000000000001
    a | atto | 10^-18 = 0.000000000000000001
    f | femto | 10^-15 = 0.000000000000001
    p | pico | 10^-12 = 0.000000000001
    n | nano | 10^-9 = 0.000000001
    µ | micro | 10^-6 = 0.000001
    m | milli | 10^-3 = 0.001
    c | centi | 10^-2 = 0.01
    d | deci | 10^-1 = 0.1
    da | deka | 10^ 1 = 10
    h | hecto | 10^ 2 = 100
    k | kilo | 10^ 3 = 1000
    M | mega | 10^ 6 = 1000000
    G | giga | 10^ 9 = 1000000000
    T | tera | 10^12 = 1000000000000
    P | peta | 10^15 = 1000000000000000
    E | exa | 10^18 = 1000000000000000000
    Z | zetta | 10^21 = 1000000000000000000000
    Y | yotta | 10^24 = 1000000000000000000000000

The symbol for micro is the Greek letter mu, often written u in an ASCII context where this Greek letter is not available. See also

    http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html

  Binary prefixes
The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones, but have an additional 'i' (and "Ki" starts with a capital 'K'). The names are formed by taking the first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same size, followed by "bi" for "binary".
    Prefix | Name | Value
    Ki | kibi | 2^10 = 1024
    Mi | mebi | 2^20 = 1048576
    Gi | gibi | 2^30 = 1073741824
    Ti | tebi | 2^40 = 1099511627776
    Pi | pebi | 2^50 = 1125899906842624
    Ei | exbi | 2^60 = 1152921504606846976

See also

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html

  Discussion
Before these binary prefixes were introduced, it was fairly common to use k=1000 and K=1024, just like b=bit, B=byte. Unfortunately, the M is capital already, and cannot be capitalized to indicate binary-ness.

At first that didn't matter too much, since memory modules and disks came in sizes that were powers of two, so everyone knew that in such contexts "kilobyte" and "megabyte" meant 1024 and 1048576 bytes, respectively. What originally was a sloppy use of the prefixes "kilo" and "mega" started to become regarded as the "real true meaning" when computers were involved. But then disk technology changed, and disk sizes became arbitrary numbers. After a period of uncertainty all disk manufacturers settled on the standard, namely k=1000, M=1000 k, G=1000 M.

The situation was messy: in the 14k4 modems, k=1000; in the 1.44 MB diskettes, M=1024000; and so on. In 1998 the IEC approved the standard that defines the binary prefixes given above, enabling people to be precise and unambiguous.

Thus, today, MB = 1000000 B and MiB = 1048576 B.

In the free software world programs are slowly being changed to conform. When the Linux kernel boots and says

    hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache

the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes.

COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.