    // Copyright (C) 2007  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_SVm_FUNCTION
    #define DLIB_SVm_FUNCTION

    #include "function_abstract.h"
    #include <cmath>
    #include <limits>
    #include <sstream>
    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include "../algs.h"
    #include "../serialize.h"
    #include "../rand.h"
    #include "../statistics.h"
    #include "kernel_matrix.h"
    #include "kernel.h"
    #include "sparse_kernel.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K
            >
        struct decision_function
        {
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type result_type;
            typedef typename K::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename K::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> scalar_vector_type;
            typedef matrix<sample_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> sample_vector_type;

            scalar_vector_type alpha;
            scalar_type b;
            K kernel_function;
            sample_vector_type basis_vectors;

            decision_function (
            ) : b(0), kernel_function(K()) {}

            decision_function (
                const decision_function& d
            ) :
                alpha(d.alpha),
                b(d.b),
                kernel_function(d.kernel_function),
                basis_vectors(d.basis_vectors)
            {}

            decision_function (
                const scalar_vector_type& alpha_,
                const scalar_type& b_,
                const K& kernel_function_,
                const sample_vector_type& basis_vectors_
            ) :
                alpha(alpha_),
                b(b_),
                kernel_function(kernel_function_),
                basis_vectors(basis_vectors_)
            {}

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                result_type temp = 0;
                for (long i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                    temp += alpha(i) * kernel_function(x,basis_vectors(i));

                return temp - b;
            }
        };

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void serialize (
            const decision_function<K>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.alpha, out);
                serialize(item.b,     out);
                serialize(item.kernel_function, out);
                serialize(item.basis_vectors, out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type decision_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void deserialize (
            decision_function<K>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.alpha, in);
                deserialize(item.b, in);
                deserialize(item.kernel_function, in);
                deserialize(item.basis_vectors, in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type decision_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename function_type
            >
        struct probabilistic_function
        {
            typedef typename function_type::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename function_type::result_type result_type;
            typedef typename function_type::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename function_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            scalar_type alpha;
            scalar_type beta;
            function_type decision_funct;

            probabilistic_function (
            ) : alpha(0), beta(0), decision_funct(function_type()) {}

            probabilistic_function (
                const probabilistic_function& d
            ) :
                alpha(d.alpha),
                beta(d.beta),
                decision_funct(d.decision_funct)
            {}

            probabilistic_function (
                const scalar_type a_,
                const scalar_type b_,
                const function_type& decision_funct_
            ) :
                alpha(a_),
                beta(b_),
                decision_funct(decision_funct_)
            {}

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                result_type f = decision_funct(x);
                return 1/(1 + std::exp(alpha*f + beta));
            }
        };

        template <
            typename function_type
            >
        void serialize (
            const probabilistic_function<function_type>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.alpha, out);
                serialize(item.beta, out);
                serialize(item.decision_funct, out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type probabilistic_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename function_type
            >
        void deserialize (
            probabilistic_function<function_type>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.alpha, in);
                deserialize(item.beta, in);
                deserialize(item.decision_funct, in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type probabilistic_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K
            >
        struct probabilistic_decision_function
        {
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type result_type;
            typedef typename K::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename K::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            scalar_type alpha;
            scalar_type beta;
            decision_function<K> decision_funct;

            probabilistic_decision_function (
            ) : alpha(0), beta(0), decision_funct(decision_function<K>()) {}

            probabilistic_decision_function (
                const probabilistic_function<decision_function<K> >& d
            ) :
                alpha(d.alpha),
                beta(d.beta),
                decision_funct(d.decision_funct)
            {}

            probabilistic_decision_function (
                const probabilistic_decision_function& d
            ) :
                alpha(d.alpha),
                beta(d.beta),
                decision_funct(d.decision_funct)
            {}

            probabilistic_decision_function (
                const scalar_type a_,
                const scalar_type b_,
                const decision_function<K>& decision_funct_
            ) :
                alpha(a_),
                beta(b_),
                decision_funct(decision_funct_)
            {}

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                result_type f = decision_funct(x);
                return 1/(1 + std::exp(alpha*f + beta));
            }
        };

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void serialize (
            const probabilistic_decision_function<K>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.alpha, out);
                serialize(item.beta, out);
                serialize(item.decision_funct, out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type probabilistic_decision_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void deserialize (
            probabilistic_decision_function<K>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.alpha, in);
                deserialize(item.beta, in);
                deserialize(item.decision_funct, in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type probabilistic_decision_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K
            >
        class distance_function
        {
        public:
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type result_type;
            typedef typename K::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename K::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> scalar_vector_type;
            typedef matrix<sample_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> sample_vector_type;

            distance_function (
            ) : b(0), kernel_function(K()) {}

            explicit distance_function (
                const kernel_type& kern
            ) : b(0), kernel_function(kern) {}

            distance_function (
                const kernel_type& kern,
                const sample_type& samp
            ) :
                alpha(ones_matrix<scalar_type>(1,1)),
                b(kern(samp,samp)),
                kernel_function(kern)
            {
                basis_vectors.set_size(1,1);
                basis_vectors(0) = samp;
            }

            distance_function (
                const decision_function<K>& f
            ) :
                alpha(f.alpha),
                b(trans(f.alpha)*kernel_matrix(f.kernel_function,f.basis_vectors)*f.alpha),
                kernel_function(f.kernel_function),
                basis_vectors(f.basis_vectors)
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(f.alpha.size() == f.basis_vectors.size(),
                    "\t distance_function(f)"
                    << "\n\t The supplied decision_function is invalid."
                    << "\n\t f.alpha.size(): " << f.alpha.size()
                    << "\n\t f.basis_vectors.size(): " << f.basis_vectors.size()
                    );
            }

            distance_function (
                const distance_function& d
            ) :
                alpha(d.alpha),
                b(d.b),
                kernel_function(d.kernel_function),
                basis_vectors(d.basis_vectors)
            {
            }

            distance_function (
                const scalar_vector_type& alpha_,
                const scalar_type& b_,
                const K& kernel_function_,
                const sample_vector_type& basis_vectors_
            ) :
                alpha(alpha_),
                b(b_),
                kernel_function(kernel_function_),
                basis_vectors(basis_vectors_)
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(alpha_.size() == basis_vectors_.size(),
                    "\t distance_function()"
                    << "\n\t The supplied arguments are invalid."
                    << "\n\t alpha_.size(): " << alpha_.size()
                    << "\n\t basis_vectors_.size(): " << basis_vectors_.size()
                    );
            }

            distance_function (
                const scalar_vector_type& alpha_,
                const K& kernel_function_,
                const sample_vector_type& basis_vectors_
            ) :
                alpha(alpha_),
                b(trans(alpha)*kernel_matrix(kernel_function_,basis_vectors_)*alpha),
                kernel_function(kernel_function_),
                basis_vectors(basis_vectors_)
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(alpha_.size() == basis_vectors_.size(),
                    "\t distance_function()"
                    << "\n\t The supplied arguments are invalid."
                    << "\n\t alpha_.size(): " << alpha_.size()
                    << "\n\t basis_vectors_.size(): " << basis_vectors_.size()
                    );
            }

            const scalar_vector_type& get_alpha (
            ) const { return alpha; }

            const scalar_type& get_squared_norm (
            ) const { return b; }

            const K& get_kernel(
            ) const { return kernel_function; }

            const sample_vector_type& get_basis_vectors (
            ) const { return basis_vectors; }

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                result_type temp = 0;
                for (long i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                    temp += alpha(i) * kernel_function(x,basis_vectors(i));

                temp = b + kernel_function(x,x) - 2*temp;
                if (temp > 0)
                    return std::sqrt(temp);
                else
                    return 0;
            }

            result_type operator() (
                const distance_function& x
            ) const
            {
                result_type temp = 0;
                for (long i = 0; i < alpha.nr(); ++i)
                    for (long j = 0; j < x.alpha.nr(); ++j)
                        temp += alpha(i)*x.alpha(j) * kernel_function(basis_vectors(i), x.basis_vectors(j));

                temp = b + x.b - 2*temp;
                if (temp > 0)
                    return std::sqrt(temp);
                else
                    return 0;
            }

            distance_function operator* (
                const scalar_type& val
            ) const
            {
                return distance_function(val*alpha,
                                         val*val*b,
                                         kernel_function,
                                         basis_vectors);
            }

            distance_function operator/ (
                const scalar_type& val
            ) const
            {
                return distance_function(alpha/val,
                                         b/val/val,
                                         kernel_function,
                                         basis_vectors);
            }

            distance_function operator+ (
                const distance_function& rhs
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(get_kernel() == rhs.get_kernel(),
                    "\t distance_function distance_function::operator+()"
                    << "\n\t You can only add two distance_functions together if they use the same kernel."
                    );

                if (alpha.size() == 0)
                    return rhs;
                else if (rhs.alpha.size() == 0)
                    return *this;
                else
                    return distance_function(join_cols(alpha, rhs.alpha),
                                            b + rhs.b + 2*trans(alpha)*kernel_matrix(kernel_function,basis_vectors,rhs.basis_vectors)*rhs.alpha,
                                            kernel_function,
                                            join_cols(basis_vectors, rhs.basis_vectors));
            }

            distance_function operator- (
                const distance_function& rhs
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(get_kernel() == rhs.get_kernel(),
                    "\t distance_function distance_function::operator-()"
                    << "\n\t You can only subtract two distance_functions if they use the same kernel."
                    );

                if (alpha.size() == 0 && rhs.alpha.size() == 0)
                    return distance_function(kernel_function);
                else if (alpha.size() != 0 && rhs.alpha.size() == 0)
                    return *this;
                else if (alpha.size() == 0 && rhs.alpha.size() != 0)
                    return -1*rhs;
                else
                    return distance_function(join_cols(alpha, -rhs.alpha),
                                            b + rhs.b - 2*trans(alpha)*kernel_matrix(kernel_function,basis_vectors,rhs.basis_vectors)*rhs.alpha,
                                            kernel_function,
                                            join_cols(basis_vectors, rhs.basis_vectors));
            }

        private:

            scalar_vector_type alpha;
            scalar_type b;
            K kernel_function;
            sample_vector_type basis_vectors;

        };

        template <
            typename K
            >
        distance_function<K> operator* (
            const typename K::scalar_type& val,
            const distance_function<K>& df
        ) { return df*val; }

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void serialize (
            const distance_function<K>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.alpha, out);
                serialize(item.b,     out);
                serialize(item.kernel_function, out);
                serialize(item.basis_vectors, out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type distance_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void deserialize (
            distance_function<K>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.alpha, in);
                deserialize(item.b, in);
                deserialize(item.kernel_function, in);
                deserialize(item.basis_vectors, in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type distance_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename function_type,
            typename normalizer_type = vector_normalizer<typename function_type::sample_type>
            >
        struct normalized_function
        {
            typedef typename function_type::result_type result_type;
            typedef typename function_type::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename function_type::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            normalizer_type normalizer;
            function_type function;

            normalized_function (
            ){}

            normalized_function (
                const normalized_function& f
            ) :
                normalizer(f.normalizer),
                function(f.function)
            {}

            const std::vector<result_type> get_labels(
            ) const { return function.get_labels(); }

            unsigned long number_of_classes (
            ) const { return function.number_of_classes(); }

            normalized_function (
                const vector_normalizer<sample_type>& normalizer_,
                const function_type& funct
            ) : normalizer(normalizer_), function(funct) {}

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const { return function(normalizer(x)); }
        };

        template <
            typename function_type,
            typename normalizer_type
            >
        void serialize (
            const normalized_function<function_type,normalizer_type>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.normalizer, out);
                serialize(item.function,     out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type normalized_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename function_type,
            typename normalizer_type
            >
        void deserialize (
            normalized_function<function_type,normalizer_type>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.normalizer, in);
                deserialize(item.function, in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type normalized_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K
            >
        struct projection_function
        {
            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename K::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename K::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> scalar_vector_type;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type> scalar_matrix_type;
            typedef matrix<sample_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> sample_vector_type;
            typedef scalar_vector_type result_type;

            scalar_matrix_type weights;
            K                  kernel_function;
            sample_vector_type basis_vectors;

            projection_function (
            ) {}

            projection_function (
                const projection_function& f
            ) : weights(f.weights), kernel_function(f.kernel_function), basis_vectors(f.basis_vectors) {}

            projection_function (
                const scalar_matrix_type& weights_,
                const K& kernel_function_,
                const sample_vector_type& basis_vectors_
            ) : weights(weights_), kernel_function(kernel_function_), basis_vectors(basis_vectors_) {}

            long out_vector_size (
            ) const { return weights.nr(); }

            const result_type& operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                // Run the x sample through all the basis functions we have and then
                // multiply it by the weights matrix and return the result.  Note that
                // the temp vectors are here to avoid reallocating their memory every
                // time this function is called.
                temp1 = kernel_matrix(kernel_function, basis_vectors, x);
                temp2 = weights*temp1;
                return temp2;
            }

        private:
            mutable result_type temp1, temp2;
        };

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void serialize (
            const projection_function<K>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.weights, out);
                serialize(item.kernel_function,     out);
                serialize(item.basis_vectors,     out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type projection_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename K
            >
        void deserialize (
            projection_function<K>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.weights, in);
                deserialize(item.kernel_function,     in);
                deserialize(item.basis_vectors,     in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type projection_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename K,
            typename result_type_ = typename K::scalar_type
            >
        struct multiclass_linear_decision_function
        {
            typedef result_type_ result_type;

            typedef K kernel_type;
            typedef typename K::scalar_type scalar_type;
            typedef typename K::sample_type sample_type;
            typedef typename K::mem_manager_type mem_manager_type;

            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,1,mem_manager_type> scalar_vector_type;
            typedef matrix<scalar_type,0,0,mem_manager_type> scalar_matrix_type;

            // You are getting a compiler error on this line because you supplied a non-linear kernel
            // to the multiclass_linear_decision_function object.  You have to use one of the linear
            // kernels with this object.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT((is_same_type<K, linear_kernel<sample_type> >::value ||
                                 is_same_type<K, sparse_linear_kernel<sample_type> >::value ));

            scalar_matrix_type       weights;
            scalar_vector_type       b;
            std::vector<result_type> labels;

            const std::vector<result_type>& get_labels(
            ) const { return labels; }

            unsigned long number_of_classes (
            ) const { return labels.size(); }

            result_type operator() (
                const sample_type& x
            ) const
            {
                // Rather than doing something like, best_idx = index_of_max(weights*x-b)
                // we do the following somewhat more complex thing because this supports
                // both sparse and dense samples.
                scalar_type best_val = dot(rowm(weights,0),x) - b(0);
                unsigned long best_idx = 0;

                for (unsigned long i = 1; i < labels.size(); ++i)
                {
                    scalar_type temp = dot(rowm(weights,i),x) - b(i);
                    if (temp > best_val)
                    {
                        best_val = temp;
                        best_idx = i;
                    }
                }

                return labels[best_idx];
            }
        };

        template <
            typename K,
            typename result_type_
            >
        void serialize (
            const multiclass_linear_decision_function<K,result_type_>& item,
            std::ostream& out
        )
        {
            try
            {
                serialize(item.weights,         out);
                serialize(item.b,               out);
                serialize(item.labels,          out);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while serializing object of type multiclass_linear_decision_function");
            }
        }

        template <
            typename K,
            typename result_type_
            >
        void deserialize (
            multiclass_linear_decision_function<K,result_type_>& item,
            std::istream& in
        )
        {
            try
            {
                deserialize(item.weights,         in);
                deserialize(item.b,               in);
                deserialize(item.labels,          in);
            }
            catch (serialization_error& e)
            {
                throw serialization_error(e.info + "\n   while deserializing object of type multiclass_linear_decision_function");
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_SVm_FUNCTION