    // Copyright (C) 2006  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_STRINg_
    #define DLIB_STRINg_

    #include "string_abstract.h"
    #include <sstream>
    #include "../algs.h"
    #include <string>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <iomanip>
    #include "../error.h"
    #include "../assert.h"
    #include "../uintn.h"
    #include <cctype>
    #include <algorithm>
    #include <vector>
    #include "../enable_if.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        inline const typename disable_if<is_same_type<charT,char>,std::string>::type narrow (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
        )
        {
            std::string temp;
            temp.reserve(str.size());
            std::string::size_type i;
            for (i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (zero_extend_cast<unsigned long>(str[i]) > 255)
                    temp += ' ';
                else
                    temp += zero_extend_cast<char>(str[i]);
            }
            return temp;
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        inline const typename enable_if<is_same_type<charT,char>,std::string>::type narrow (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
        )
        {
            return str;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc> tolower (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str
        )
        {
            std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc> temp;

            temp.resize(str.size());

            for (typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
                temp[i] = (char)std::tolower(str[i]);

            return temp;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc> toupper (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str
        )
        {
            std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc> temp;

            temp.resize(str.size());

            for (typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
                temp[i] = (char)std::toupper(str[i]);

            return temp;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str1,
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str2
        )
        {
            if (str1.size() != str2.size())
                return false;

            for (typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i = 0; i < str1.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (std::tolower(str1[i]) != std::tolower(str2[i]))
                    return false;
            }

            return true;
        }

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str1,
            const char* str2
        )
        {
            typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i;
            for (i = 0; i < str1.size(); ++i)
            {
                // if we hit the end of str2 then the strings aren't the same length
                if (str2[i] == '\0')
                    return false;

                if (std::tolower(str1[i]) != std::tolower(str2[i]))
                    return false;
            }

            // This happens when str2 is longer than str1
            if (str2[i] != '\0')
                return false;

            return true;
        }

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const char* str1,
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str2
        )
        {
            return strings_equal_ignore_case(str2, str1);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str1,
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str2,
            unsigned long num
        )
        {
            if (str1.size() != str2.size() && (str1.size() < num || str2.size() < num))
                return false;

            for (typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i = 0; i < str1.size() && i < num; ++i)
            {
                if (std::tolower(str1[i]) != std::tolower(str2[i]))
                    return false;
            }

            return true;
        }

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str1,
            const char* str2,
            unsigned long num
        )
        {
            typename std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>::size_type i;
            for (i = 0; i < str1.size() && i < num; ++i)
            {
                // if we hit the end of str2 then the strings aren't the same length
                if (str2[i] == '\0')
                    return false;

                if (std::tolower(str1[i]) != std::tolower(str2[i]))
                    return false;
            }

            return true;
        }

        template <
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        bool strings_equal_ignore_case (
            const char* str1,
            const std::basic_string<char,traits,alloc>& str2,
            unsigned long num
        )
        {
            return strings_equal_ignore_case(str2, str1, num);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class cast_to_string_error : public error
        {
        public:
            cast_to_string_error():error(ECAST_TO_STRING) {}
        };

        template <
            typename T
            >
        const std::string cast_to_string (
            const T& item
        )
        {
            std::ostringstream sout;
            sout << item;
            if (!sout)
                throw cast_to_string_error();
            return sout.str();
        }

        // don't declare this if we are using mingw because it apparently doesn't
        // support iostreams with wchar_t?
    #if !(defined(__MINGW32__) && (__GNUC__ < 4))
        template <
            typename T
            >
        const std::wstring cast_to_wstring (
            const T& item
        )
        {
            std::basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> sout;
            sout << item;
            if (!sout)
                throw cast_to_string_error();
            return sout.str();
        }
    #endif

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        inline std::string pad_int_with_zeros (
            int i,
            unsigned long width = 6
        )
        {
            std::ostringstream sout;
            sout << std::setw(width) << std::setfill('0') << i;
            return sout.str();
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class string_cast_error : public error
        {
        public:
            string_cast_error(const std::string& str):
                error(ESTRING_CAST,"string cast error: invalid string = '" + str + "'") {}
        };

        template <
            typename T
            >
        struct string_cast_helper
        {
            template < typename charT, typename traits, typename alloc >
            static const T cast (
                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
            )
            {
                using namespace std;
                basic_istringstream<charT,traits,alloc> sin(str);
                T temp;
                sin >> temp;
                if (!sin) throw string_cast_error(narrow(str));
                if (sin.get() != std::char_traits<charT>::eof()) throw string_cast_error(narrow(str));
                return temp;
            }
        };

        template <typename C, typename T, typename A>
        struct string_cast_helper<std::basic_string<C,T,A> >
        {
            template < typename charT, typename traits, typename alloc >
            static const std::basic_string<C,T,A> cast (
                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
            )
            {
                std::basic_string<C,T,A> temp;
                temp.resize(str.size());
                for (unsigned long i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
                    temp[i] = zero_extend_cast<C>(str[i]);
                return temp;
            }
        };

        template <>
        struct string_cast_helper<bool>
        {
            template < typename charT, typename traits, typename alloc >
            static bool cast (
                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
            )
            {
                using namespace std;
                if (str.size() == 1 && str[0] == '1')
                    return true;
                if (str.size() == 1 && str[0] == '0')
                    return false;
                if (tolower(narrow(str)) == "true")
                    return true;
                if (tolower(narrow(str)) == "false")
                    return false;

                throw string_cast_error(narrow(str));
            }
        };

    #define DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(type)                             \
        template <>                                                     \
        struct string_cast_helper<type>                                 \
        {                                                               \
            template < typename charT, typename traits, typename alloc> \
            static type cast (                                    \
                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str        \
            )                                                           \
            {                                                           \
                using namespace std;                                    \
                basic_istringstream<charT,traits,alloc> sin(str);       \
                type temp;                                              \
                if (str.size() > 2 && str[0] == _dT(charT,'0') && str[1] == _dT(charT,'x'))   \
                    sin >> hex >> temp;                                 \
                else                                                    \
                    sin >> temp;                                        \
                if (!sin) throw string_cast_error(narrow(str));                 \
                if (sin.get() != std::char_traits<charT>::eof()) throw string_cast_error(narrow(str));     \
                return temp;                                            \
            }                                                           \
        };

        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(unsigned short)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(short)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(unsigned int)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(int)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(unsigned long)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(long)
        DLIB_STRING_CAST_INTEGRAL(uint64)

        template <
            typename T,
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        inline const T string_cast (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
        )
        {
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_pointer_type<T>::value == false);
            return string_cast_helper<T>::cast(str);
        }

        template <typename T>
        inline const T string_cast (const char* str){ return string_cast<T>(std::string(str)); }
        template <typename T>
        inline const T string_cast (const wchar_t* str){ return string_cast<T>(std::wstring(str)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class string_assign
        {
            template <
                typename charT,
                typename traits,
                typename alloc
                >
            class string_assign_helper
            {
            public:
                string_assign_helper (
                    const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str_
                ) : str(str_) {}

                template <typename T>
                operator T () const
                {
                    return string_cast<T>(str);
                }

            private:

                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str;
            };

        // -------------

            class char_assign_helper
            {
            public:
                char_assign_helper (
                    const char* str_
                ) : str(str_) {}

                template <typename T>
                operator T () const
                {
                    return string_cast<T>(str);
                }

            private:

                const char* str;
            };

        // -------------

            class wchar_t_assign_helper
            {
            public:
                wchar_t_assign_helper (
                    const wchar_t* str_
                ) : str(str_) {}

                template <typename T>
                operator T () const
                {
                    return string_cast<T>(str);
                }

            private:

                const wchar_t* str;
            };

        // -------------

        public:

            template <
                typename charT,
                typename traits,
                typename alloc
                >
            string_assign_helper<charT,traits,alloc> operator=(
                const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str
            ) const
            {
                return string_assign_helper<charT,traits,alloc>(str);
            }

            char_assign_helper operator= (
                const char* str
            ) const
            {
                return char_assign_helper(str);
            }

            wchar_t_assign_helper operator= (
                const wchar_t* str
            ) const
            {
                return wchar_t_assign_helper(str);
            }
        };

        const string_assign sa = string_assign();

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> wrap_string (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const unsigned long first_pad,
            const unsigned long rest_pad,
            const unsigned long max_per_line = 79
        )
        {
            DLIB_ASSERT ( first_pad < max_per_line && rest_pad < max_per_line &&
                     rest_pad >= first_pad,
                     "\tconst std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> wrap_string()"
                     << "\n\tfirst_pad:    " << first_pad
                     << "\n\trest_pad:     " << rest_pad
                     << "\n\tmax_per_line: " << max_per_line  );

            using namespace std;

            basic_ostringstream<charT,traits,alloc> sout;
            basic_istringstream<charT,traits,alloc> sin(str);

            for (unsigned long i = 0; i < rest_pad; ++i)
                sout << _dT(charT," ");
            const basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> pad(sout.str());
            sout.str(_dT(charT,""));

            for (unsigned long i = 0; i < first_pad; ++i)
                sout << _dT(charT," ");

            typename basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>::size_type remaining = max_per_line - rest_pad;

            basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> temp;

            sin >> temp;
            while (sin)
            {
                if (temp.size() > remaining)
                {
                    if (temp.size() + rest_pad >= max_per_line)
                    {
                        string::size_type i = 0;
                        for (; i < temp.size(); ++i)
                        {
                            sout << temp[i];
                            --remaining;
                            if (remaining == 0)
                            {
                                sout << _dT(charT,"\n") << pad;
                                remaining = max_per_line - rest_pad;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        sout << _dT(charT,"\n") << pad << temp;
                        remaining = max_per_line - rest_pad - temp.size();
                    }
                }
                else if (temp.size() == remaining)
                {
                    sout << temp;
                    remaining = 0;
                }
                else
                {
                    sout << temp;
                    remaining -= temp.size();
                }

                sin >> temp;
                if (remaining == 0 && sin)
                {
                    sout << _dT(charT,"\n") << pad;
                    remaining = max_per_line - rest_pad;
                }
                else
                {
                    sout << _dT(charT," ");
                    --remaining;
                }
            }

            return sout.str();
        }

        template <
            typename charT
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT> wrap_string (
            const charT* str,
            const unsigned long first_pad,
            const unsigned long rest_pad,
            const unsigned long max_per_line = 79
        ) { return wrap_string(std::basic_string<charT>(str),first_pad,rest_pad,max_per_line); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> ltrim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& trim_chars
        )
        {
            typedef std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> string;
            typename string::size_type pos = str.find_first_not_of(trim_chars);
            if (pos != string::npos)
                return str.substr(pos);
            else
                return std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>();
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> ltrim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* trim_chars = _dT(charT," \t\r\n")
        ) { return ltrim(str,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(trim_chars)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> rtrim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& trim_chars
        )
        {
            typedef std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> string;

            typename string::size_type pos = str.find_last_not_of(trim_chars);
            if (pos != string::npos)
                return str.substr(0,pos+1);
            else
                return std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>();
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> rtrim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* trim_chars = _dT(charT," \t\r\n")
        ) { return rtrim(str,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(trim_chars)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> trim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& trim_chars
        )
        {
            typedef std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> string;
            typename string::size_type lpos = str.find_first_not_of(trim_chars);
            if (lpos != string::npos)
            {
                typename string::size_type rpos = str.find_last_not_of(trim_chars);
                return str.substr(lpos,rpos-lpos+1);
            }
            else
            {
                return std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>();
            }
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> trim (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* trim_chars = _dT(charT," \t\r\n")
        ) { return trim(str,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(trim_chars)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> rpad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& pad_string
        )
        {
            typedef std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> string;
            // if str is too big then just return str
            if (pad_length <= static_cast<long>(str.size()))
                return str;

            // make the string we will padd onto the string
            string P;
            while (P.size() < pad_length - str.size())
                P += pad_string;
            P = P.substr(0,pad_length - str.size());

            // return the padded string
            return str + P;
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> rpad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const charT* pad_string = _dT(charT," ")
        ) { return rpad(str,pad_length,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(pad_string)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> lpad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& pad_string
        )
        {
            typedef std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> string;
            // if str is too big then just return str
            if (pad_length <= static_cast<long>(str.size()))
                return str;

            // make the string we will padd onto the string
            string P;
            while (P.size() < pad_length - str.size())
                P += pad_string;
            P = P.substr(0,pad_length - str.size());

            // return the padded string
            return P + str;
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> lpad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const charT* pad_string = _dT(charT," ")
        ) { return lpad(str,pad_length,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(pad_string)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> pad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& pad_string
        )
        {
            const long str_size = static_cast<long>(str.size());
            return rpad(lpad(str,(pad_length-str_size)/2 + str_size,pad_string),
                        pad_length,
                        pad_string);
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> pad (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            long pad_length,
            const charT* pad_string = _dT(charT," ")
        ) { return pad(str,pad_length,std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>(pad_string)); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> left_substr (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& delim
        )
        {
            return str.substr(0,str.find_first_of(delim));
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> left_substr (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* delim = _dT(charT," \n\r\t")
        )
        {
            return str.substr(0,str.find_first_of(delim));
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> right_substr (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& delim
        )
        {
            typename std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>::size_type delim_pos = str.find_last_of(delim);
            if (delim_pos != std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>::npos)
                return str.substr(delim_pos+1);
            else
                return _dT(charT,"");
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> right_substr (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* delim = _dT(charT," \n\r\t")
        )
        {
            typename std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>::size_type delim_pos = str.find_last_of(delim);
            if (delim_pos != std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>::npos)
                return str.substr(delim_pos+1);
            else
                return _dT(charT,"");
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::vector<std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> > split (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const charT* delim = _dT(charT," \n\r\t")
        )
        {
            std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> temp;

            std::vector<std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> > res;

            for (unsigned long i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
            {
                // check if delim contains the character str[i]
                bool hit = false;
                const charT* d = delim;
                while (*d != '\0')
                {
                    if (str[i] == *d)
                    {
                        hit = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    ++d;
                }

                if (hit)
                {
                    if (temp.size() != 0)
                    {
                        res.push_back(temp);
                        temp.clear();
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    temp.push_back(str[i]);
                }
            }

            if (temp.size() != 0)
                res.push_back(temp);

            return res;
        }

        template <
            typename charT,
            typename traits,
            typename alloc
            >
        const std::vector<std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc> > split (
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& str,
            const std::basic_string<charT,traits,alloc>& delim
        )
        {
            return split(str,delim.c_str());
        }

        inline const std::vector<std::string> split (
            const char* str,
            const char* delim = " \n\r\t"
        )
        {
            return split(std::string(str),delim);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_STRINg_