    // The contents of this file are in the public domain. See LICENSE_FOR_EXAMPLE_PROGRAMS.txt

    /*
        This is an example showing how to use the bridge object from from the
        dlib C++ Library to send messages via TCP/IP.

        In particular, this example will walk you through four progressively
        more complex use cases of the bridge object.  Note that this example
        program assumes you are already familiar with the pipe object and at
        least the contents of the pipe_ex_2.cpp example program.
    */

    // =========== Example program output ===========
    /*
         ---- Running example 1 ----
        dequeued value: 1
        dequeued value: 2
        dequeued value: 3

         ---- Running example 2 ----
        dequeued value: 1
        dequeued value: 2
        dequeued value: 3

         ---- Running example 3 ----
        dequeued int:    1
        dequeued int:    2
        dequeued struct: 3   some string

         ---- Running example 4 ----
        bridge 1 status: is_connected: true
        bridge 1 status: foreign_ip:   127.0.0.1
        bridge 1 status: foreign_port: 43156
        bridge 2 status: is_connected: true
        bridge 2 status: foreign_ip:   127.0.0.1
        bridge 2 status: foreign_port: 12345
        dequeued int:    1
        dequeued int:    2
        dequeued struct: 3   some string
        bridge 1 status: is_connected: false
        bridge 1 status: foreign_ip:   127.0.0.1
        bridge 1 status: foreign_port: 12345
    */

    #include <dlib/bridge.h>
    #include <dlib/type_safe_union.h>
    #include <iostream>

    using namespace dlib;
    using namespace std;

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void run_example_1();
    void run_example_2();
    void run_example_3();
    void run_example_4();

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    int main()
    {
        run_example_1();
        run_example_2();
        run_example_3();
        run_example_4();
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void run_example_1(
    )
    {
        cout << "\n ---- Running example 1 ---- " << endl;

        /*
            The idea of the bridge is basically to allow two different dlib::pipe objects
            to be connected together via a TCP connection.  This is best illustrated by
            the following short example.  In it we create two pipes, in and out.  When
            an object is enqueued into the out pipe it will be automatically sent
            through a TCP connection and once received at the other end it will be
            inserted into the in pipe.
        */
        dlib::pipe<int> in(4), out(4);

        // This bridge will listen on port 12345 for an incoming TCP connection.  Then
        // it will read data from that connection and put it into the in pipe.
        bridge b2(listen_on_port(12345), receive(in));

        // This bridge will initiate a TCP connection and then start dequeuing
        // objects from out and transmitting them over the connection.
        bridge b1(connect_to_ip_and_port("127.0.0.1", 12345), transmit(out));

        // As an aside, in a real program, each of these bridges and pipes would be in a
        // separate application.  But to make this example self contained they are both
        // right here.

        // Now lets put some things into the out pipe
        int value = 1;
        out.enqueue(value);

        value = 2;
        out.enqueue(value);

        value = 3;
        out.enqueue(value);

        // Now those 3 ints can be dequeued from the in pipe.  They will show up
        // in the same order they were inserted into the out pipe.
        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void run_example_2(
    )
    {
        cout << "\n ---- Running example 2 ---- " << endl;

        /*
            This example makes a simple echo server on port 12345.  When an object
            is inserted into the out pipe it will be sent over a TCP connection, get
            put into the echo pipe and then immediately read out of the echo pipe and
            sent back over the TCP connection where it will finally be placed into the in
            pipe.
        */

        dlib::pipe<int> in(4), out(4), echo(4);

        // Just like TCP connections, a bridge can send data both directions.  The directionality
        // of a pipe is indicated by the receive() and transmit() type decorations.  Also, the order
        // they are listed doesn't matter.
        bridge echo_bridge(listen_on_port(12345), receive(echo), transmit(echo));

        // Note that you can also specify the ip and port as a string by using connect_to().
        bridge b1(connect_to("127.0.0.1:12345"), transmit(out), receive(in));

        int value = 1;
        out.enqueue(value);

        value = 2;
        out.enqueue(value);

        value = 3;
        out.enqueue(value);

        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
        in.dequeue(value);
        cout << "dequeued value: "<< value << endl;
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    struct my_example_object
    {
        /*
            All objects passing through a dlib::bridge must be serializable.  This
            means there must exist global functions called serialize() and deserialize()
            which can convert an object into a bit stream and then reverse the process.

            This example object illustrates how this is done.
        */

        int value;
        std::string str;
    };

    void serialize (const my_example_object& item, std::ostream& out)
    {
        /*
            serialize() just needs to write the state of item to the output stream.
            You can do this however you like.  Below, I'm using the serialize functions
            for int and std::string which come with dlib.  But again, you can do whatever
            you want here.
        */
        dlib::serialize(item.value, out);
        dlib::serialize(item.str, out);
    }

    void deserialize (my_example_object& item, std::istream& in)
    {
        /*
            deserialize() is just the inverse of serialize().  Again, you can do
            whatever you want here so long as it correctly reconstructs item.  This
            also means that deserialize() must always consume as many bytes as serialize()
            generates.
        */
        dlib::deserialize(item.value, in);
        dlib::deserialize(item.str, in);
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void run_example_3(
    )
    {
        cout << "\n ---- Running example 3 ---- " << endl;

        /*
            In this example we will just send ints and my_example_object objects
            over a TCP connection.  Since we are sending more than one type of
            object through a pipe we will need to use the type_safe_union.
        */

        typedef type_safe_union<int, my_example_object> tsu_type;

        dlib::pipe<tsu_type> in(4), out(4);

        // Note that we don't have to start the listening bridge first.  If b2
        // fails to make a connection it will just keep trying until successful.
        bridge b2(connect_to("127.0.0.1:12345"), receive(in));
        // We don't have to configure a bridge in it's constructor.  If it's
        // more convenient we can do so by calling reconfigure() instead.
        bridge b1;
        b1.reconfigure(listen_on_port(12345), transmit(out));

        tsu_type msg;

        msg = 1;
        out.enqueue(msg);

        msg = 2;
        out.enqueue(msg);

        msg.get<my_example_object>().value = 3;
        msg.get<my_example_object>().str = "some string";
        out.enqueue(msg);

        // dequeue the three objects we sent and print them on the screen.
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
        {
            in.dequeue(msg);
            if (msg.contains<int>())
            {
                cout << "dequeued int:    "<< msg.get<int>() << endl;
            }
            else if (msg.contains<my_example_object>())
            {
                cout << "dequeued struct: "<< msg.get<my_example_object>().value << "   "
                                           << msg.get<my_example_object>().str << endl;
            }
        }
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void run_example_4(
    )
    {
        cout << "\n ---- Running example 4 ---- " << endl;

        /*
            This final example is the same as example 3 except we will also now be getting
            status messages from the bridges.  These bridge_status messages tell us the
            state of the TCP connection associated with a bridge.  Is it connected or not?
            Who it is connected to?

            The way you get these status messages is by ensuring that your receive pipe is
            capable of storing bridge_status objects.  If it is then the bridge will
            automatically insert bridge_status messages into your receive pipe whenever
            there is a status change.

            There are only two kinds of status changes.  The establishment of a connection
            or the closing of a connection.   Also, a connection which closes due to you
            calling clear(), reconfigure(), or destructing a bridge does not generate a
            status message since, in this case, you already know about it and just want
            the bridge to destroy itself as quickly as possible.
        */

        typedef type_safe_union<int, my_example_object, bridge_status> tsu_type;

        dlib::pipe<tsu_type> in(4), out(4);
        dlib::pipe<bridge_status> b1_status(4);

        // setup both bridges to have receive pipes capable of holding bridge_status messages.
        bridge b1(listen_on_port(12345), transmit(out), receive(b1_status));
        // Note that we can also use a hostname with connect_to() instead of supplying an IP address.
        bridge b2(connect_to("localhost:12345"), receive(in));

        tsu_type msg;
        bridge_status bs;

        // Once a connection is established it will generate a status message from each bridge.
        // Lets get those and print them.
        b1_status.dequeue(bs);
        cout << "bridge 1 status: is_connected: " << boolalpha << bs.is_connected << endl;
        cout << "bridge 1 status: foreign_ip:   " << bs.foreign_ip << endl;
        cout << "bridge 1 status: foreign_port: " << bs.foreign_port << endl;

        in.dequeue(msg);
        bs = msg.get<bridge_status>();
        cout << "bridge 2 status: is_connected: " << bs.is_connected << endl;
        cout << "bridge 2 status: foreign_ip:   " << bs.foreign_ip << endl;
        cout << "bridge 2 status: foreign_port: " << bs.foreign_port << endl;

        msg = 1;
        out.enqueue(msg);

        msg = 2;
        out.enqueue(msg);

        msg.get<my_example_object>().value = 3;
        msg.get<my_example_object>().str = "some string";
        out.enqueue(msg);

        // Read the 3 things we sent over the connection.
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
        {
            in.dequeue(msg);
            if (msg.contains<int>())
            {
                cout << "dequeued int:    "<< msg.get<int>() << endl;
            }
            else if (msg.contains<my_example_object>())
            {
                cout << "dequeued struct: "<< msg.get<my_example_object>().value << "   "
                                           << msg.get<my_example_object>().str << endl;
            }
        }

        // cause bridge 1 to shutdown completely.  This will close the connection and
        // therefore bridge 2 will generate a status message indicating the connection
        // just closed.
        b1.clear();
        in.dequeue(msg);
        bs = msg.get<bridge_status>();
        cout << "bridge 1 status: is_connected: " << bs.is_connected << endl;
        cout << "bridge 1 status: foreign_ip:   " << bs.foreign_ip << endl;
        cout << "bridge 1 status: foreign_port: " << bs.foreign_port << endl;
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------