containers-0.4.0.0: Assorted concrete container types

Portability | portable
Stability | experimental
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org

Data.Sequence

Contents

- Construction
  - Repetition
  - Iterative construction
- Deconstruction
  - Queries
  - Views
- Scans
- Sublists
  - Sequential searches
- Sorting
- Indexing
  - Indexing with predicates
- Folds
- Transformations
  - Zips

Description

General purpose finite sequences. Apart from being finite and having strict operations, sequences also differ from lists in supporting a wider variety of operations efficiently.

An amortized running time is given for each operation, with n referring to the length of the sequence and i being the integral index used by some operations. These bounds hold even in a persistent (shared) setting.

The implementation uses 2-3 finger trees annotated with sizes, as described in section 4.2 of

- Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson, "Finger trees: a simple general-purpose data structure", Journal of Functional Programming 16:2 (2006) pp 197-217. http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/FingerTree.html

Note: Many of these operations have the same names as similar operations on lists in the Prelude. The ambiguity may be resolved using either qualification or the `hiding` clause.

Synopsis

- data Seq a
- empty :: Seq a
- singleton :: a -> Seq a
- (<|) :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
- (|>) :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
- (><) :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a
- fromList :: [a] -> Seq a
- replicate :: Int -> a -> Seq a
- replicateA :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)
- replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)
- iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a
- unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a
- unfoldl :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a
- null :: Seq a -> Bool
- length :: Seq a -> Int
- data ViewL a
  - = EmptyL
  - | a :< (Seq a)
- viewl :: Seq a -> ViewL a
- data ViewR a
  - = EmptyR
  - | (Seq a) :> a
- viewr :: Seq a -> ViewR a
- scanl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a
- scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b
- scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- tails :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
- inits :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
- takeWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- takeWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- dropWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- dropWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- spanl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- spanr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- breakl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- breakr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- partition :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- filter :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- sort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
- sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- unstableSort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
- unstableSortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
- index :: Seq a -> Int -> a
- adjust :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
- update :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
- take :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
- drop :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
- splitAt :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
- elemIndexL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
- elemIndicesL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
- elemIndexR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
- elemIndicesR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
- findIndexL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
- findIndicesL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
- findIndexR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
- findIndicesR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
- foldlWithIndex :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
- foldrWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
- mapWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
- reverse :: Seq a -> Seq a
- zip :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)
- zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
- zip3 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a, b, c)
- zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
- zip4 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a, b, c, d)
- zipWith4 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e

# Documentation

data Seq a

General-purpose finite sequences.

Instances

Monad Seq |
Functor Seq |
Typeable1 Seq |
MonadPlus Seq |
Foldable Seq |
Traversable Seq |
Eq a => Eq (Seq a) |
Data a => Data (Seq a) |
Ord a => Ord (Seq a) |
Read a => Read (Seq a) |
Show a => Show (Seq a) |
Monoid (Seq a) |

# Construction

empty :: Seq a

O(1). The empty sequence.

singleton :: a -> Seq a

O(1). A singleton sequence.

(<|) :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(1). Add an element to the left end of a sequence. Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.

(|>) :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a

O(1). Add an element to the right end of a sequence. Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.

(><) :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(log(min(n1,n2))). Concatenate two sequences.

fromList :: [a] -> Seq a

O(n). Create a sequence from a finite list of elements. There is a function `toList` in the opposite direction for all instances of the `Foldable` class, including `Seq`.

## Repetition

replicate :: Int -> a -> Seq a

O(log n). `replicate n x` is a sequence consisting of `n` copies of `x`.

replicateA :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)

`replicateA` is an `Applicative` version of `replicate`, and makes O(log n) calls to `<*>` and `pure`.

     replicateA n x = sequenceA (replicate n x)

replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)

`replicateM` is a sequence counterpart of `Control.Monad.replicateM`.

     replicateM n x = sequence (replicate n x)

## Iterative construction

iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a

O(n). Constructs a sequence by repeated application of a function to a seed value.

     iterateN n f x = fromList (Prelude.take n (Prelude.iterate f x))

unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a

Builds a sequence from a seed value. Takes time linear in the number of generated elements. WARNING: If the number of generated elements is infinite, this method will not terminate.

unfoldl :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a

``unfoldl` f x` is equivalent to ``reverse` (`unfoldr` (swap . f) x)`.

# Deconstruction

Additional functions for deconstructing sequences are available via the `Foldable` instance of `Seq`.

## Queries

null :: Seq a -> Bool

O(1). Is this the empty sequence?

length :: Seq a -> Int

O(1). The number of elements in the sequence.

## Views

data ViewL a

View of the left end of a sequence.

Constructors

EmptyL | empty sequence
a :< (Seq a) | leftmost element and the rest of the sequence

Instances

Functor ViewL |
Typeable1 ViewL |
Foldable ViewL |
Traversable ViewL |
Eq a => Eq (ViewL a) |
Data a => Data (ViewL a) |
Ord a => Ord (ViewL a) |
Read a => Read (ViewL a) |
Show a => Show (ViewL a) |

viewl :: Seq a -> ViewL a

O(1). Analyse the left end of a sequence.

data ViewR a

View of the right end of a sequence.

Constructors

EmptyR | empty sequence
(Seq a) :> a | the sequence minus the rightmost element, and the rightmost element

Instances

Functor ViewR |
Typeable1 ViewR |
Foldable ViewR |
Traversable ViewR |
Eq a => Eq (ViewR a) |
Data a => Data (ViewR a) |
Ord a => Ord (ViewR a) |
Read a => Read (ViewR a) |
Show a => Show (ViewR a) |

viewr :: Seq a -> ViewR a

O(1). Analyse the right end of a sequence.

# Scans

scanl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a

`scanl` is similar to `foldl`, but returns a sequence of reduced values from the left:

     scanl f z (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]

scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a

`scanl1` is a variant of `scanl` that has no starting value argument:

     scanl1 f (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]

scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b

`scanr` is the right-to-left dual of `scanl`.

scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a

`scanr1` is a variant of `scanr` that has no starting value argument.

# Sublists

tails :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)

O(n). Returns a sequence of all suffixes of this sequence, longest first. For example,

     tails (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "abc", fromList "bc", fromList "c", fromList ""]

Evaluating the ith suffix takes O(log(min(i, n-i))), but evaluating every suffix in the sequence takes O(n) due to sharing.

inits :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)

O(n). Returns a sequence of all prefixes of this sequence, shortest first. For example,

     inits (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "", fromList "a", fromList "ab", fromList "abc"]

Evaluating the ith prefix takes O(log(min(i, n-i))), but evaluating every prefix in the sequence takes O(n) due to sharing.

## Sequential searches

takeWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(i) where i is the prefix length. `takeWhileL`, applied to a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs`, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of `xs` of elements that satisfy `p`.

takeWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(i) where i is the suffix length. `takeWhileR`, applied to a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs`, returns the longest suffix (possibly empty) of `xs` of elements that satisfy `p`.

``takeWhileR` p xs` is equivalent to ``reverse` (`takeWhileL` p (`reverse` xs))`.

dropWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(i) where i is the prefix length. ``dropWhileL` p xs` returns the suffix remaining after ``takeWhileL` p xs`.

dropWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(i) where i is the suffix length. ``dropWhileR` p xs` returns the prefix remaining after ``takeWhileR` p xs`.

``dropWhileR` p xs` is equivalent to ``reverse` (`dropWhileL` p (`reverse` xs))`.

spanl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

O(i) where i is the prefix length. `spanl`, applied to a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs`, returns a pair whose first element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of `xs` of elements that satisfy `p` and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.

spanr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

O(i) where i is the suffix length. `spanr`, applied to a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs`, returns a pair whose first element is the longest suffix (possibly empty) of `xs` of elements that satisfy `p` and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.

breakl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

O(i) where i is the breakpoint index. `breakl`, applied to a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs`, returns a pair whose first element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of `xs` of elements that do not satisfy `p` and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.

``breakl` p` is equivalent to ``spanl` (not . p)`.

breakr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

``breakr` p` is equivalent to ``spanr` (not . p)`.

partition :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

O(n). The `partition` function takes a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs` and returns sequences of those elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate.

filter :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(n). The `filter` function takes a predicate `p` and a sequence `xs` and returns a sequence of those elements which satisfy the predicate.

# Sorting

sort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a

O(n log n). `sort` sorts the specified `Seq` by the natural ordering of its elements. The sort is stable. If stability is not required, `unstableSort` can be considerably faster, and in particular uses less memory.

sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(n log n). `sortBy` sorts the specified `Seq` according to the specified comparator. The sort is stable. If stability is not required, `unstableSortBy` can be considerably faster, and in particular uses less memory.

unstableSort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a

O(n log n). `unstableSort` sorts the specified `Seq` by the natural ordering of its elements, but the sort is not stable. This algorithm is frequently faster and uses less memory than `sort`, and performs extremely well -- frequently twice as fast as `sort` -- when the sequence is already nearly sorted.

unstableSortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(n log n). A generalization of `unstableSort`, `unstableSortBy` takes an arbitrary comparator and sorts the specified sequence. The sort is not stable. This algorithm is frequently faster and uses less memory than `sortBy`, and performs extremely well -- frequently twice as fast as `sortBy` -- when the sequence is already nearly sorted.

# Indexing

index :: Seq a -> Int -> a

O(log(min(i,n-i))). The element at the specified position, counting from 0. The argument should thus be a non-negative integer less than the size of the sequence. If the position is out of range, `index` fails with an error.

adjust :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(log(min(i,n-i))). Update the element at the specified position. If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.

update :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(log(min(i,n-i))). Replace the element at the specified position. If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.

take :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(log(min(i,n-i))). The first `i` elements of a sequence. If `i` is negative, ``take` i s` yields the empty sequence. If the sequence contains fewer than `i` elements, the whole sequence is returned.

drop :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a

O(log(min(i,n-i))). Elements of a sequence after the first `i`. If `i` is negative, ``drop` i s` yields the whole sequence. If the sequence contains fewer than `i` elements, the empty sequence is returned.

splitAt :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)

O(log(min(i,n-i))). Split a sequence at a given position. ``splitAt` i s = (`take` i s, `drop` i s)`.

## Indexing with predicates

These functions perform sequential searches from the left or right ends of the sequence, returning indices of matching elements.

elemIndexL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int

`elemIndexL` finds the leftmost index of the specified element, if it is present, and otherwise `Nothing`.

elemIndicesL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]

`elemIndicesL` finds the indices of the specified element, from left to right (i.e. in ascending order).

elemIndexR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int

`elemIndexR` finds the rightmost index of the specified element, if it is present, and otherwise `Nothing`.

elemIndicesR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]

`elemIndicesR` finds the indices of the specified element, from right to left (i.e. in descending order).

findIndexL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int

``findIndexL` p xs` finds the index of the leftmost element that satisfies `p`, if any exist.

findIndicesL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]

``findIndicesL` p` finds all indices of elements that satisfy `p`, in ascending order.

findIndexR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int

``findIndexR` p xs` finds the index of the rightmost element that satisfies `p`, if any exist.

findIndicesR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]

``findIndicesR` p` finds all indices of elements that satisfy `p`, in descending order.

# Folds

General folds are available via the `Foldable` instance of `Seq`.

foldlWithIndex :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b

`foldlWithIndex` is a version of `foldl` that also provides access to the index of each element.

foldrWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b

`foldrWithIndex` is a version of `foldr` that also provides access to the index of each element.

# Transformations

mapWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b

A generalization of `fmap`, `mapWithIndex` takes a mapping function that also depends on the element's index, and applies it to every element in the sequence.

reverse :: Seq a -> Seq a

O(n). The reverse of a sequence.

## Zips

zip :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)

O(min(n1,n2)). `zip` takes two sequences and returns a sequence of corresponding pairs. If one input is short, excess elements are discarded from the right end of the longer sequence.

zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c

O(min(n1,n2)). `zipWith` generalizes `zip` by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. For example, `zipWith (+)` is applied to two sequences to take the sequence of corresponding sums.

zip3 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a, b, c)

O(min(n1,n2,n3)). `zip3` takes three sequences and returns a sequence of triples, analogous to `zip`.

zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d

O(min(n1,n2,n3)). `zipWith3` takes a function which combines three elements, as well as three sequences and returns a sequence of their point-wise combinations, analogous to `zipWith`.

zip4 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a, b, c, d)

O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4)). `zip4` takes four sequences and returns a sequence of quadruples, analogous to `zip`.

zipWith4 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e

O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4)). `zipWith4` takes a function which combines four elements, as well as four sequences and returns a sequence of their point-wise combinations, analogous to `zipWith`.