java.util.concurrent.locks

## Class ReentrantReadWriteLock

- java.lang.Object
- - java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, ReadWriteLock

      public class ReentrantReadWriteLock
      extends Object
      implements ReadWriteLock, Serializable

  An implementation of `ReadWriteLock` supporting similar semantics to `ReentrantLock`.

  This class has the following properties:

  - Acquisition order

    This class does not impose a reader or writer preference ordering for lock access. However, it does support an optional fairness policy.

    Non-fair mode (default)
      When constructed as non-fair (the default), the order of entry to the read and write lock is unspecified, subject to reentrancy constraints. A nonfair lock that is continuously contended may indefinitely postpone one or more reader or writer threads, but will normally have higher throughput than a fair lock.

    Fair mode
      When constructed as fair, threads contend for entry using an approximately arrival-order policy. When the currently held lock is released either the longest-waiting single writer thread will be assigned the write lock, or if there is a group of reader threads waiting longer than all waiting writer threads, that group will be assigned the read lock.

      A thread that tries to acquire a fair read lock (non-reentrantly) will block if either the write lock is held, or there is a waiting writer thread. The thread will not acquire the read lock until after the oldest currently waiting writer thread has acquired and released the write lock. Of course, if a waiting writer abandons its wait, leaving one or more reader threads as the longest waiters in the queue with the write lock free, then those readers will be assigned the read lock.

      A thread that tries to acquire a fair write lock (non-reentrantly) will block unless both the read lock and write lock are free (which implies there are no waiting threads). (Note that the non-blocking `ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock.tryLock()` and `ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock.tryLock()` methods do not honor this fair setting and will acquire the lock if it is possible, regardless of waiting threads.)

  - Reentrancy

    This lock allows both readers and writers to reacquire read or write locks in the style of a `ReentrantLock`. Non-reentrant readers are not allowed until all write locks held by the writing thread have been released.

    Additionally, a writer can acquire the read lock, but not vice-versa. Among other applications, reentrancy can be useful when write locks are held during calls or callbacks to methods that perform reads under read locks. If a reader tries to acquire the write lock it will never succeed.

  - Lock downgrading

    Reentrancy also allows downgrading from the write lock to a read lock, by acquiring the write lock, then the read lock and then releasing the write lock. However, upgrading from a read lock to the write lock is not possible.

  - Interruption of lock acquisition

    The read lock and write lock both support interruption during lock acquisition.

  - `Condition` support

    The write lock provides a `Condition` implementation that behaves in the same way, with respect to the write lock, as the `Condition` implementation provided by `ReentrantLock.newCondition()` does for `ReentrantLock`. This `Condition` can, of course, only be used with the write lock.

    The read lock does not support a `Condition` and `readLock().newCondition()` throws `UnsupportedOperationException`.

  - Instrumentation

    This class supports methods to determine whether locks are held or contended. These methods are designed for monitoring system state, not for synchronization control.

  Serialization of this class behaves in the same way as built-in locks: a deserialized lock is in the unlocked state, regardless of its state when serialized.

  Sample usages. Here is a code sketch showing how to perform lock downgrading after updating a cache (exception handling is particularly tricky when handling multiple locks in a non-nested fashion):

       class CachedData {
         Object data;
         volatile boolean cacheValid;
         final ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

         void processCachedData() {
           rwl.readLock().lock();
           if (!cacheValid) {
              // Must release read lock before acquiring write lock
              rwl.readLock().unlock();
              rwl.writeLock().lock();
              try {
                // Recheck state because another thread might have
                // acquired write lock and changed state before we did.
                if (!cacheValid) {
                  data = ...
                  cacheValid = true;
                }
                // Downgrade by acquiring read lock before releasing write lock
                rwl.readLock().lock();
              } finally  {
                rwl.writeLock().unlock(); // Unlock write, still hold read
              }
           }

           try {
             use(data);
           } finally {
             rwl.readLock().unlock();
           }
         }
       }

  ReentrantReadWriteLocks can be used to improve concurrency in some uses of some kinds of Collections. This is typically worthwhile only when the collections are expected to be large, accessed by more reader threads than writer threads, and entail operations with overhead that outweighs synchronization overhead. For example, here is a class using a TreeMap that is expected to be large and concurrently accessed.

      class RWDictionary {
          private final Map<String, Data> m = new TreeMap<String, Data>();
          private final ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
          private final Lock r = rwl.readLock();
          private final Lock w = rwl.writeLock();

          public Data get(String key) {
              r.lock();
              try { return m.get(key); }
              finally { r.unlock(); }
          }
          public String[] allKeys() {
              r.lock();
              try { return m.keySet().toArray(); }
              finally { r.unlock(); }
          }
          public Data put(String key, Data value) {
              w.lock();
              try { return m.put(key, value); }
              finally { w.unlock(); }
          }
          public void clear() {
              w.lock();
              try { m.clear(); }
              finally { w.unlock(); }
          }
       }

  ### Implementation Notes

  This lock supports a maximum of 65535 recursive write locks and 65535 read locks. Attempts to exceed these limits result in `Error` throws from locking methods.

  Since:
    1.5
  See Also:
    Serialized Form

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    Nested Classes
    Modifier and Type | Class and Description
    --- | ---
    `static class` | `ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock` The lock returned by method `readLock()`.
    `static class` | `ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock` The lock returned by method `writeLock()`.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `ReentrantReadWriteLock()` Creates a new `ReentrantReadWriteLock` with default (nonfair) ordering properties.
    `ReentrantReadWriteLock(boolean fair)` Creates a new `ReentrantReadWriteLock` with the given fairness policy.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `protected Thread` | `getOwner()` Returns the thread that currently owns the write lock, or `null` if not owned.
    `protected Collection<Thread>` | `getQueuedReaderThreads()` Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire the read lock.
    `protected Collection<Thread>` | `getQueuedThreads()` Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire either the read or write lock.
    `protected Collection<Thread>` | `getQueuedWriterThreads()` Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire the write lock.
    `int` | `getQueueLength()` Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting to acquire either the read or write lock.
    `int` | `getReadHoldCount()` Queries the number of reentrant read holds on this lock by the current thread.
    `int` | `getReadLockCount()` Queries the number of read locks held for this lock.
    `protected Collection<Thread>` | `getWaitingThreads(Condition condition)` Returns a collection containing those threads that may be waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock.
    `int` | `getWaitQueueLength(Condition condition)` Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock.
    `int` | `getWriteHoldCount()` Queries the number of reentrant write holds on this lock by the current thread.
    `boolean` | `hasQueuedThread(Thread thread)` Queries whether the given thread is waiting to acquire either the read or write lock.
    `boolean` | `hasQueuedThreads()` Queries whether any threads are waiting to acquire the read or write lock.
    `boolean` | `hasWaiters(Condition condition)` Queries whether any threads are waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock.
    `boolean` | `isFair()` Returns `true` if this lock has fairness set true.
    `boolean` | `isWriteLocked()` Queries if the write lock is held by any thread.
    `boolean` | `isWriteLockedByCurrentThread()` Queries if the write lock is held by the current thread.
    `ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock` | `readLock()` Returns the lock used for reading.
    `String` | `toString()` Returns a string identifying this lock, as well as its lock state.
    `ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock` | `writeLock()` Returns the lock used for writing.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### ReentrantReadWriteLock

          public ReentrantReadWriteLock()

      Creates a new `ReentrantReadWriteLock` with default (nonfair) ordering properties.

    - #### ReentrantReadWriteLock

          public ReentrantReadWriteLock(boolean fair)

      Creates a new `ReentrantReadWriteLock` with the given fairness policy.
      Parameters:
        `fair` - `true` if this lock should use a fair ordering policy

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### writeLock

          public ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writeLock()

      Description copied from interface: `ReadWriteLock`
      Returns the lock used for writing.
      Specified by:
        `writeLock` in interface `ReadWriteLock`
      Returns:
        the lock used for writing.

    - #### readLock

          public ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readLock()

      Description copied from interface: `ReadWriteLock`
      Returns the lock used for reading.
      Specified by:
        `readLock` in interface `ReadWriteLock`
      Returns:
        the lock used for reading.

    - #### isFair

          public final boolean isFair()

      Returns `true` if this lock has fairness set true.
      Returns:
        `true` if this lock has fairness set true

    - #### getOwner

          protected Thread getOwner()

      Returns the thread that currently owns the write lock, or `null` if not owned. When this method is called by a thread that is not the owner, the return value reflects a best-effort approximation of current lock status. For example, the owner may be momentarily `null` even if there are threads trying to acquire the lock but have not yet done so. This method is designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more extensive lock monitoring facilities.
      Returns:
        the owner, or `null` if not owned

    - #### getReadLockCount

          public int getReadLockCount()

      Queries the number of read locks held for this lock. This method is designed for use in monitoring system state, not for synchronization control.
      Returns:
        the number of read locks held.

    - #### isWriteLocked

          public boolean isWriteLocked()

      Queries if the write lock is held by any thread. This method is designed for use in monitoring system state, not for synchronization control.
      Returns:
        `true` if any thread holds the write lock and `false` otherwise

    - #### isWriteLockedByCurrentThread

          public boolean isWriteLockedByCurrentThread()

      Queries if the write lock is held by the current thread.
      Returns:
        `true` if the current thread holds the write lock and `false` otherwise

    - #### getWriteHoldCount

          public int getWriteHoldCount()

      Queries the number of reentrant write holds on this lock by the current thread. A writer thread has a hold on a lock for each lock action that is not matched by an unlock action.
      Returns:
        the number of holds on the write lock by the current thread, or zero if the write lock is not held by the current thread

    - #### getReadHoldCount

          public int getReadHoldCount()

      Queries the number of reentrant read holds on this lock by the current thread. A reader thread has a hold on a lock for each lock action that is not matched by an unlock action.
      Returns:
        the number of holds on the read lock by the current thread, or zero if the read lock is not held by the current thread
      Since:
        1.6

    - #### getQueuedWriterThreads

          protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedWriterThreads()

      Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire the write lock. Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while constructing this result, the returned collection is only a best-effort estimate. The elements of the returned collection are in no particular order. This method is designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more extensive lock monitoring facilities.
      Returns:
        the collection of threads

    - #### getQueuedReaderThreads

          protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedReaderThreads()

      Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire the read lock. Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while constructing this result, the returned collection is only a best-effort estimate. The elements of the returned collection are in no particular order. This method is designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more extensive lock monitoring facilities.
      Returns:
        the collection of threads

    - #### hasQueuedThreads

          public final boolean hasQueuedThreads()

      Queries whether any threads are waiting to acquire the read or write lock. Note that because cancellations may occur at any time, a `true` return does not guarantee that any other thread will ever acquire a lock. This method is designed primarily for use in monitoring of the system state.
      Returns:
        `true` if there may be other threads waiting to acquire the lock

    - #### hasQueuedThread

          public final boolean hasQueuedThread(Thread thread)

      Queries whether the given thread is waiting to acquire either the read or write lock. Note that because cancellations may occur at any time, a `true` return does not guarantee that this thread will ever acquire a lock. This method is designed primarily for use in monitoring of the system state.
      Parameters:
        `thread` - the thread
      Returns:
        `true` if the given thread is queued waiting for this lock
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the thread is null

    - #### getQueueLength

          public final int getQueueLength()

      Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting to acquire either the read or write lock. The value is only an estimate because the number of threads may change dynamically while this method traverses internal data structures. This method is designed for use in monitoring of the system state, not for synchronization control.
      Returns:
        the estimated number of threads waiting for this lock

    - #### getQueuedThreads

          protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedThreads()

      Returns a collection containing threads that may be waiting to acquire either the read or write lock. Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while constructing this result, the returned collection is only a best-effort estimate. The elements of the returned collection are in no particular order. This method is designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more extensive monitoring facilities.
      Returns:
        the collection of threads

    - #### hasWaiters

          public boolean hasWaiters(Condition condition)

      Queries whether any threads are waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock. Note that because timeouts and interrupts may occur at any time, a `true` return does not guarantee that a future `signal` will awaken any threads. This method is designed primarily for use in monitoring of the system state.
      Parameters:
        `condition` - the condition
      Returns:
        `true` if there are any waiting threads
      Throws:
        `IllegalMonitorStateException` - if this lock is not held
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given condition is not associated with this lock
        `NullPointerException` - if the condition is null

    - #### getWaitQueueLength

          public int getWaitQueueLength(Condition condition)

      Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock. Note that because timeouts and interrupts may occur at any time, the estimate serves only as an upper bound on the actual number of waiters. This method is designed for use in monitoring of the system state, not for synchronization control.
      Parameters:
        `condition` - the condition
      Returns:
        the estimated number of waiting threads
      Throws:
        `IllegalMonitorStateException` - if this lock is not held
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given condition is not associated with this lock
        `NullPointerException` - if the condition is null

    - #### getWaitingThreads

          protected Collection<Thread> getWaitingThreads(Condition condition)

      Returns a collection containing those threads that may be waiting on the given condition associated with the write lock. Because the actual set of threads may change dynamically while constructing this result, the returned collection is only a best-effort estimate. The elements of the returned collection are in no particular order. This method is designed to facilitate construction of subclasses that provide more extensive condition monitoring facilities.
      Parameters:
        `condition` - the condition
      Returns:
        the collection of threads
      Throws:
        `IllegalMonitorStateException` - if this lock is not held
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given condition is not associated with this lock
        `NullPointerException` - if the condition is null

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Returns a string identifying this lock, as well as its lock state. The state, in brackets, includes the String `"Write locks ="` followed by the number of reentrantly held write locks, and the String `"Read locks ="` followed by the number of held read locks.
      Overrides:
        `toString` in class `Object`
      Returns:
        a string identifying this lock, as well as its lock state

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