java.util

## Class HashMap<K,V>

- java.lang.Object
- - java.util.AbstractMap<K,V>
  - - java.util.HashMap<K,V>

- Type Parameters:
    `K` - the type of keys maintained by this map
    `V` - the type of mapped values
  All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Cloneable, Map<K,V>
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    LinkedHashMap, PrinterStateReasons

      public class HashMap<K,V>
      extends AbstractMap<K,V>
      implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable

  Hash table based implementation of the `Map` interface. This implementation provides all of the optional map operations, and permits `null` values and the `null` key. (The `HashMap` class is roughly equivalent to `Hashtable`, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls.) This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.

  This implementation provides constant-time performance for the basic operations (`get` and `put`), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets. Iteration over collection views requires time proportional to the "capacity" of the `HashMap` instance (the number of buckets) plus its size (the number of key-value mappings). Thus, it's very important not to set the initial capacity too high (or the load factor too low) if iteration performance is important.

  An instance of `HashMap` has two parameters that affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. The capacity is the number of buckets in the hash table, and the initial capacity is simply the capacity at the time the hash table is created. The load factor is a measure of how full the hash table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased. When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity, the hash table is rehashed (that is, internal data structures are rebuilt) so that the hash table has approximately twice the number of buckets.

  As a general rule, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff between time and space costs. Higher values decrease the space overhead but increase the lookup cost (reflected in most of the operations of the `HashMap` class, including `get` and `put`). The expected number of entries in the map and its load factor should be taken into account when setting its initial capacity, so as to minimize the number of rehash operations. If the initial capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries divided by the load factor, no rehash operations will ever occur.

  If many mappings are to be stored in a `HashMap` instance, creating it with a sufficiently large capacity will allow the mappings to be stored more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table.

  Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a hash map concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map. If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the `Collections.synchronizedMap` method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the map:

         Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));

  The iterators returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are fail-fast: if the map is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own `remove` method, the iterator will throw a `ConcurrentModificationException`. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.

  Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw `ConcurrentModificationException` on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.

  This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

  Since:
    1.2
  See Also:
    `Object.hashCode()`, `Collection`, `Map`, `TreeMap`, `Hashtable`, Serialized Form

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    - ### Nested classes/interfaces inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap

      `AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<K,V>, AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<K,V>`

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `HashMap()` Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the default initial capacity (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
    `HashMap(int initialCapacity)` Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the specified initial capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
    `HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)` Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the specified initial capacity and load factor.
    `HashMap(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)` Constructs a new `HashMap` with the same mappings as the specified `Map`.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `void` | `clear()` Removes all of the mappings from this map.
    `Object` | `clone()` Returns a shallow copy of this `HashMap` instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned.
    `boolean` | `containsKey(Object key)` Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
    `boolean` | `containsValue(Object value)` Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
    `Set<Map.Entry<K,V>>` | `entrySet()` Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map.
    `V` | `get(Object key)` Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
    `boolean` | `isEmpty()` Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
    `Set<K>` | `keySet()` Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map.
    `V` | `put(K key, V value)` Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
    `void` | `putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)` Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
    `V` | `remove(Object key)` Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
    `int` | `size()` Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
    `Collection<V>` | `values()` Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap

      `equals, hashCode, toString`

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

    - ### Methods inherited from interface java.util.Map

      `equals, hashCode`

- - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### HashMap

          public HashMap(int initialCapacity,
                 float loadFactor)

      Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the specified initial capacity and load factor.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity
        `loadFactor` - the load factor
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the initial capacity is negative or the load factor is nonpositive

    - #### HashMap

          public HashMap(int initialCapacity)

      Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the specified initial capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity.
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the initial capacity is negative.

    - #### HashMap

          public HashMap()

      Constructs an empty `HashMap` with the default initial capacity (16) and the default load factor (0.75).

    - #### HashMap

          public HashMap(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)

      Constructs a new `HashMap` with the same mappings as the specified `Map`. The `HashMap` is created with default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to hold the mappings in the specified `Map`.
      Parameters:
        `m` - the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified map is null

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### size

          public int size()

      Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
      Specified by:
        `size` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `size` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        the number of key-value mappings in this map

    - #### isEmpty

          public boolean isEmpty()

      Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
      Specified by:
        `isEmpty` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `isEmpty` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings

    - #### get

          public V get(Object key)

      Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.

      More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key `k` to a value `v` such that `(key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))`, then this method returns `v`; otherwise it returns `null`. (There can be at most one such mapping.)

      A return value of `null` does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to `null`. The `containsKey` operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.

      Specified by:
        `get` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `get` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `key` - the key whose associated value is to be returned
      Returns:
        the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key
      See Also:
        `put(Object, Object)`

    - #### containsKey

          public boolean containsKey(Object key)

      Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
      Specified by:
        `containsKey` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `containsKey` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `key` - The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
      Returns:
        `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.

    - #### put

          public V put(K key,
              V value)

      Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old value is replaced.
      Specified by:
        `put` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `put` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
        `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with `key`.)

    - #### putAll

          public void putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)

      Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map. These mappings will replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys currently in the specified map.
      Specified by:
        `putAll` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `putAll` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `m` - mappings to be stored in this map
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified map is null

    - #### remove

          public V remove(Object key)

      Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
      Specified by:
        `remove` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `remove` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `key` - key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
      Returns:
        the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with `key`.)

    - #### clear

          public void clear()

      Removes all of the mappings from this map. The map will be empty after this call returns.
      Specified by:
        `clear` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `clear` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`

    - #### containsValue

          public boolean containsValue(Object value)

      Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
      Specified by:
        `containsValue` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `containsValue` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Parameters:
        `value` - value whose presence in this map is to be tested
      Returns:
        `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value

    - #### clone

          public Object clone()

      Returns a shallow copy of this `HashMap` instance: the keys and values themselves are not cloned.
      Overrides:
        `clone` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        a shallow copy of this map
      See Also:
        `Cloneable`

    - #### keySet

          public Set<K> keySet()

      Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation), the results of the iteration are undefined. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll`, and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
      Specified by:
        `keySet` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `keySet` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        a set view of the keys contained in this map

    - #### values

          public Collection<V> values()

      Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation), the results of the iteration are undefined. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Collection.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll` and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
      Specified by:
        `values` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Overrides:
        `values` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        a collection view of the values contained in this map

    - #### entrySet

          public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet()

      Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation, or through the `setValue` operation on a map entry returned by the iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll` and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
      Specified by:
        `entrySet` in interface `Map<K,V>`
      Specified by:
        `entrySet` in class `AbstractMap<K,V>`
      Returns:
        a set view of the mappings contained in this map

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