java.util

## Class Vector<E>

- java.lang.Object
- - java.util.AbstractCollection<E>
  - - java.util.AbstractList<E>
    - - java.util.Vector<E>

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable<E>, Collection<E>, List<E>, RandomAccess
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    Stack

      public class Vector<E>
      extends AbstractList<E>
      implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable

  The `Vector` class implements a growable array of objects. Like an array, it contains components that can be accessed using an integer index. However, the size of a `Vector` can grow or shrink as needed to accommodate adding and removing items after the `Vector` has been created.

  Each vector tries to optimize storage management by maintaining a `capacity` and a `capacityIncrement`. The `capacity` is always at least as large as the vector size; it is usually larger because as components are added to the vector, the vector's storage increases in chunks the size of `capacityIncrement`. An application can increase the capacity of a vector before inserting a large number of components; this reduces the amount of incremental reallocation.

  The iterators returned by this class's `iterator` and `listIterator` methods are fail-fast: if the vector is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own `remove` or `add` methods, the iterator will throw a `ConcurrentModificationException`. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future. The `Enumerations` returned by the `elements` method are not fail-fast.

  Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw `ConcurrentModificationException` on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.

  As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class was retrofitted to implement the `List` interface, making it a member of the Java Collections Framework. Unlike the new collection implementations, `Vector` is synchronized.

  Since:
    JDK1.0
  See Also:
    `Collection`, `List`, `ArrayList`, `LinkedList`, Serialized Form

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `protected int` | `capacityIncrement` The amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.
    `protected int` | `elementCount` The number of valid components in this `Vector` object.
    `protected Object[]` | `elementData` The array buffer into which the components of the vector are stored.

    - ### Fields inherited from class java.util.AbstractList

      `modCount`

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `Vector()` Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array has size `10` and its standard capacity increment is zero.
    `Vector(Collection<? extends E> c)` Constructs a vector containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
    `Vector(int initialCapacity)` Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and with its capacity increment equal to zero.
    `Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement)` Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and capacity increment.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `boolean` | `add(E e)` Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
    `void` | `add(int index, E element)` Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this Vector.
    `boolean` | `addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)` Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this Vector, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator.
    `boolean` | `addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)` Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this Vector at the specified position.
    `void` | `addElement(E obj)` Adds the specified component to the end of this vector, increasing its size by one.
    `int` | `capacity()` Returns the current capacity of this vector.
    `void` | `clear()` Removes all of the elements from this Vector.
    `Object` | `clone()` Returns a clone of this vector.
    `boolean` | `contains(Object o)` Returns `true` if this vector contains the specified element.
    `boolean` | `containsAll(Collection<?> c)` Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified Collection.
    `void` | `copyInto(Object[] anArray)` Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.
    `E` | `elementAt(int index)` Returns the component at the specified index.
    `Enumeration<E>` | `elements()` Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector.
    `void` | `ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)` Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of components specified by the minimum capacity argument.
    `boolean` | `equals(Object o)` Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality.
    `E` | `firstElement()` Returns the first component (the item at index `0`) of this vector.
    `E` | `get(int index)` Returns the element at the specified position in this Vector.
    `int` | `hashCode()` Returns the hash code value for this Vector.
    `int` | `indexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
    `int` | `indexOf(Object o, int index)` Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching forwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
    `void` | `insertElementAt(E obj, int index)` Inserts the specified object as a component in this vector at the specified `index`.
    `boolean` | `isEmpty()` Tests if this vector has no components.
    `Iterator<E>` | `iterator()` Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
    `E` | `lastElement()` Returns the last component of the vector.
    `int` | `lastIndexOf(Object o)` Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element.
    `int` | `lastIndexOf(Object o, int index)` Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching backwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
    `ListIterator<E>` | `listIterator()` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
    `ListIterator<E>` | `listIterator(int index)` Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
    `E` | `remove(int index)` Removes the element at the specified position in this Vector.
    `boolean` | `remove(Object o)` Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this Vector If the Vector does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
    `boolean` | `removeAll(Collection<?> c)` Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.
    `void` | `removeAllElements()` Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.
    `boolean` | `removeElement(Object obj)` Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument from this vector.
    `void` | `removeElementAt(int index)` Deletes the component at the specified index.
    `protected void` | `removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)` Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between `fromIndex`, inclusive, and `toIndex`, exclusive.
    `boolean` | `retainAll(Collection<?> c)` Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection.
    `E` | `set(int index, E element)` Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the specified element.
    `void` | `setElementAt(E obj, int index)` Sets the component at the specified `index` of this vector to be the specified object.
    `void` | `setSize(int newSize)` Sets the size of this vector.
    `int` | `size()` Returns the number of components in this vector.
    `List<E>` | `subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)` Returns a view of the portion of this List between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
    `Object[]` | `toArray()` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order.
    `<T> T[]` | `toArray(T[] a)` Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
    `String` | `toString()` Returns a string representation of this Vector, containing the String representation of each element.
    `void` | `trimToSize()` Trims the capacity of this vector to be the vector's current size.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### elementData

          protected Object[] elementData

      The array buffer into which the components of the vector are stored. The capacity of the vector is the length of this array buffer, and is at least large enough to contain all the vector's elements.

      Any array elements following the last element in the Vector are null.

    - #### elementCount

          protected int elementCount

      The number of valid components in this `Vector` object. Components `elementData[0]` through `elementData[elementCount-1]` are the actual items.

    - #### capacityIncrement

          protected int capacityIncrement

      The amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity. If the capacity increment is less than or equal to zero, the capacity of the vector is doubled each time it needs to grow.

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Vector

          public Vector(int initialCapacity,
                int capacityIncrement)

      Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and capacity increment.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity of the vector
        `capacityIncrement` - the amount by which the capacity is increased when the vector overflows
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the specified initial capacity is negative

    - #### Vector

          public Vector(int initialCapacity)

      Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and with its capacity increment equal to zero.
      Parameters:
        `initialCapacity` - the initial capacity of the vector
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the specified initial capacity is negative

    - #### Vector

          public Vector()

      Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array has size `10` and its standard capacity increment is zero.

    - #### Vector

          public Vector(Collection<? extends E> c)

      Constructs a vector containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
      Parameters:
        `c` - the collection whose elements are to be placed into this vector
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified collection is null
      Since:
        1.2

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### copyInto

          public void copyInto(Object[] anArray)

      Copies the components of this vector into the specified array. The item at index `k` in this vector is copied into component `k` of `anArray`.
      Parameters:
        `anArray` - the array into which the components get copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the given array is null
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the specified array is not large enough to hold all the components of this vector
        `ArrayStoreException` - if a component of this vector is not of a runtime type that can be stored in the specified array
      See Also:
        `toArray(Object[])`

    - #### trimToSize

          public void trimToSize()

      Trims the capacity of this vector to be the vector's current size. If the capacity of this vector is larger than its current size, then the capacity is changed to equal the size by replacing its internal data array, kept in the field `elementData`, with a smaller one. An application can use this operation to minimize the storage of a vector.

    - #### ensureCapacity

          public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)

      Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of components specified by the minimum capacity argument.

      If the current capacity of this vector is less than `minCapacity`, then its capacity is increased by replacing its internal data array, kept in the field `elementData`, with a larger one. The size of the new data array will be the old size plus `capacityIncrement`, unless the value of `capacityIncrement` is less than or equal to zero, in which case the new capacity will be twice the old capacity; but if this new size is still smaller than `minCapacity`, then the new capacity will be `minCapacity`.

      Parameters:
        `minCapacity` - the desired minimum capacity

    - #### setSize

          public void setSize(int newSize)

      Sets the size of this vector. If the new size is greater than the current size, new `null` items are added to the end of the vector. If the new size is less than the current size, all components at index `newSize` and greater are discarded.
      Parameters:
        `newSize` - the new size of this vector
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the new size is negative

    - #### capacity

          public int capacity()

      Returns the current capacity of this vector.
      Returns:
        the current capacity (the length of its internal data array, kept in the field `elementData` of this vector)

    - #### size

          public int size()

      Returns the number of components in this vector.
      Specified by:
        `size` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `size` in interface `List<E>`
      Specified by:
        `size` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Returns:
        the number of components in this vector

    - #### isEmpty

          public boolean isEmpty()

      Tests if this vector has no components.
      Specified by:
        `isEmpty` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `isEmpty` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `isEmpty` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Returns:
        `true` if and only if this vector has no components, that is, its size is zero; `false` otherwise.

    - #### elements

          public Enumeration<E> elements()

      Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector. The returned `Enumeration` object will generate all items in this vector. The first item generated is the item at index `0`, then the item at index `1`, and so on.
      Returns:
        an enumeration of the components of this vector
      See Also:
        `Iterator`

    - #### contains

          public boolean contains(Object o)

      Returns `true` if this vector contains the specified element. More formally, returns `true` if and only if this vector contains at least one element `e` such that `(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))`.
      Specified by:
        `contains` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `contains` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `contains` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `o` - element whose presence in this vector is to be tested
      Returns:
        `true` if this vector contains the specified element

    - #### indexOf

          public int indexOf(Object o)

      Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element. More formally, returns the lowest index `i` such that `(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))`, or -1 if there is no such index.
      Specified by:
        `indexOf` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `indexOf` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `o` - element to search for
      Returns:
        the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element

    - #### indexOf

          public int indexOf(Object o,
                    int index)

      Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching forwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the lowest index `i` such that `(i >= index && (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))))`, or -1 if there is no such index.
      Parameters:
        `o` - element to search for
        `index` - index to start searching from
      Returns:
        the index of the first occurrence of the element in this vector at position `index` or later in the vector; `-1` if the element is not found.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the specified index is negative
      See Also:
        `Object.equals(Object)`

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public int lastIndexOf(Object o)

      Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element. More formally, returns the highest index `i` such that `(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))`, or -1 if there is no such index.
      Specified by:
        `lastIndexOf` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `lastIndexOf` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `o` - element to search for
      Returns:
        the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, or -1 if this vector does not contain the element

    - #### lastIndexOf

          public int lastIndexOf(Object o,
                        int index)

      Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this vector, searching backwards from `index`, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the highest index `i` such that `(i <= index && (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))))`, or -1 if there is no such index.
      Parameters:
        `o` - element to search for
        `index` - index to start searching backwards from
      Returns:
        the index of the last occurrence of the element at position less than or equal to `index` in this vector; -1 if the element is not found.
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the specified index is greater than or equal to the current size of this vector

    - #### elementAt

          public E elementAt(int index)

      Returns the component at the specified index.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `get(int)` method (which is part of the `List` interface).

      Parameters:
        `index` - an index into this vector
      Returns:
        the component at the specified index
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)

    - #### firstElement

          public E firstElement()

      Returns the first component (the item at index `0`) of this vector.
      Returns:
        the first component of this vector
      Throws:
        `NoSuchElementException` - if this vector has no components

    - #### lastElement

          public E lastElement()

      Returns the last component of the vector.
      Returns:
        the last component of the vector, i.e., the component at index `size() - 1`.
      Throws:
        `NoSuchElementException` - if this vector is empty

    - #### setElementAt

          public void setElementAt(E obj,
                          int index)

      Sets the component at the specified `index` of this vector to be the specified object. The previous component at that position is discarded.

      The index must be a value greater than or equal to `0` and less than the current size of the vector.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `set(int, E)` method (which is part of the `List` interface). Note that the `set` method reverses the order of the parameters, to more closely match array usage. Note also that the `set` method returns the old value that was stored at the specified position.

      Parameters:
        `obj` - what the component is to be set to
        `index` - the specified index
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)

    - #### removeElementAt

          public void removeElementAt(int index)

      Deletes the component at the specified index. Each component in this vector with an index greater or equal to the specified `index` is shifted downward to have an index one smaller than the value it had previously. The size of this vector is decreased by `1`.

      The index must be a value greater than or equal to `0` and less than the current size of the vector.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `remove(int)` method (which is part of the `List` interface). Note that the `remove` method returns the old value that was stored at the specified position.

      Parameters:
        `index` - the index of the object to remove
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)

    - #### insertElementAt

          public void insertElementAt(E obj,
                             int index)

      Inserts the specified object as a component in this vector at the specified `index`. Each component in this vector with an index greater or equal to the specified `index` is shifted upward to have an index one greater than the value it had previously.

      The index must be a value greater than or equal to `0` and less than or equal to the current size of the vector. (If the index is equal to the current size of the vector, the new element is appended to the Vector.)

      This method is identical in functionality to the `add(int, E)` method (which is part of the `List` interface). Note that the `add` method reverses the order of the parameters, to more closely match array usage.

      Parameters:
        `obj` - the component to insert
        `index` - where to insert the new component
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index > size()`)

    - #### addElement

          public void addElement(E obj)

      Adds the specified component to the end of this vector, increasing its size by one. The capacity of this vector is increased if its size becomes greater than its capacity.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `add(E)` method (which is part of the `List` interface).

      Parameters:
        `obj` - the component to be added

    - #### removeElement

          public boolean removeElement(Object obj)

      Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument from this vector. If the object is found in this vector, each component in the vector with an index greater or equal to the object's index is shifted downward to have an index one smaller than the value it had previously.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `remove(Object)` method (which is part of the `List` interface).

      Parameters:
        `obj` - the component to be removed
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument was a component of this vector; `false` otherwise.

    - #### removeAllElements

          public void removeAllElements()

      Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.

      This method is identical in functionality to the `clear()` method (which is part of the `List` interface).

    - #### clone

          public Object clone()

      Returns a clone of this vector. The copy will contain a reference to a clone of the internal data array, not a reference to the original internal data array of this `Vector` object.
      Overrides:
        `clone` in class `Object`
      Returns:
        a clone of this vector
      See Also:
        `Cloneable`

    - #### toArray

          public Object[] toArray()

      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order.
      Specified by:
        `toArray` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `toArray` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `toArray` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Returns:
        an array containing all of the elements in this collection
      Since:
        1.2
      See Also:
        `Arrays.asList(Object[])`

    - #### toArray

          public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)

      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this Vector in the correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the Vector fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this Vector.

      If the Vector fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than the Vector), the element in the array immediately following the end of the Vector is set to null. (This is useful in determining the length of the Vector only if the caller knows that the Vector does not contain any null elements.)

      Specified by:
        `toArray` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `toArray` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `toArray` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `a` - the array into which the elements of the Vector are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
      Returns:
        an array containing the elements of the Vector
      Throws:
        `ArrayStoreException` - if the runtime type of a is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this Vector
        `NullPointerException` - if the given array is null
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### get

          public E get(int index)

      Returns the element at the specified position in this Vector.
      Specified by:
        `get` in interface `List<E>`
      Specified by:
        `get` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - index of the element to return
      Returns:
        object at the specified index
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### set

          public E set(int index,
              E element)

      Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the specified element.
      Specified by:
        `set` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `set` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - index of the element to replace
        `element` - element to be stored at the specified position
      Returns:
        the element previously at the specified position
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### add

          public boolean add(E e)

      Appends the specified element to the end of this Vector.
      Specified by:
        `add` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `add` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `add` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `e` - element to be appended to this Vector
      Returns:
        `true` (as specified by `Collection.add(E)`)
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### remove

          public boolean remove(Object o)

      Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this Vector If the Vector does not contain the element, it is unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index i such that `(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))` (if such an element exists).
      Specified by:
        `remove` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `remove` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `remove` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `o` - element to be removed from this Vector, if present
      Returns:
        true if the Vector contained the specified element
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### add

          public void add(int index,
                 E element)

      Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this Vector. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
      Specified by:
        `add` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `add` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - index at which the specified element is to be inserted
        `element` - element to be inserted
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index > size()`)
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### remove

          public E remove(int index)

      Removes the element at the specified position in this Vector. Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices). Returns the element that was removed from the Vector.
      Specified by:
        `remove` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `remove` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - the index of the element to be removed
      Returns:
        element that was removed
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index >= size()`)
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### clear

          public void clear()

      Removes all of the elements from this Vector. The Vector will be empty after this call returns (unless it throws an exception).
      Specified by:
        `clear` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `clear` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `clear` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### containsAll

          public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)

      Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified Collection.
      Specified by:
        `containsAll` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `containsAll` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `containsAll` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `c` - a collection whose elements will be tested for containment in this Vector
      Returns:
        true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified collection
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified collection is null
      See Also:
        `AbstractCollection.contains(Object)`

    - #### addAll

          public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

      Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this Vector, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified Collection is modified while the operation is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the specified Collection is this Vector, and this Vector is nonempty.)
      Specified by:
        `addAll` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `addAll` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `addAll` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `c` - elements to be inserted into this Vector
      Returns:
        `true` if this Vector changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified collection is null
      Since:
        1.2
      See Also:
        `AbstractCollection.add(Object)`

    - #### removeAll

          public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)

      Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.
      Specified by:
        `removeAll` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `removeAll` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `removeAll` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `c` - a collection of elements to be removed from the Vector
      Returns:
        true if this Vector changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
        `ClassCastException` - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)
        `NullPointerException` - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
      Since:
        1.2
      See Also:
        `AbstractCollection.remove(Object)`, `AbstractCollection.contains(Object)`

    - #### retainAll

          public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)

      Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection. In other words, removes from this Vector all of its elements that are not contained in the specified Collection.
      Specified by:
        `retainAll` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `retainAll` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `retainAll` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Parameters:
        `c` - a collection of elements to be retained in this Vector (all other elements are removed)
      Returns:
        true if this Vector changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
        `ClassCastException` - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)
        `NullPointerException` - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
      Since:
        1.2
      See Also:
        `AbstractCollection.remove(Object)`, `AbstractCollection.contains(Object)`

    - #### addAll

          public boolean addAll(int index,
                       Collection<? extends E> c)

      Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this Vector at the specified position. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear in the Vector in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's iterator.
      Specified by:
        `addAll` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `addAll` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - index at which to insert the first element from the specified collection
        `c` - elements to be inserted into this Vector
      Returns:
        `true` if this Vector changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
        `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index > size()`)
        `NullPointerException` - if the specified collection is null
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### equals

          public boolean equals(Object o)

      Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality. Returns true if and only if the specified Object is also a List, both Lists have the same size, and all corresponding pairs of elements in the two Lists are equal. (Two elements `e1` and `e2` are equal if `(e1==null ? e2==null : e1.equals(e2))`.) In other words, two Lists are defined to be equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.
      Specified by:
        `equals` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `equals` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `equals` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `o` - the Object to be compared for equality with this Vector
      Returns:
        true if the specified Object is equal to this Vector
      See Also:
        `Object.hashCode()`, `Hashtable`

    - #### hashCode

          public int hashCode()

      Returns the hash code value for this Vector.
      Specified by:
        `hashCode` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `hashCode` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `hashCode` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Returns:
        the hash code value for this list
      See Also:
        `Object.equals(java.lang.Object)`, `Hashtable`

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Returns a string representation of this Vector, containing the String representation of each element.
      Overrides:
        `toString` in class `AbstractCollection<E>`
      Returns:
        a string representation of this collection

    - #### subList

          public List<E> subList(int fromIndex,
                        int toIndex)

      Returns a view of the portion of this List between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive. (If fromIndex and toIndex are equal, the returned List is empty.) The returned List is backed by this List, so changes in the returned List are reflected in this List, and vice-versa. The returned List supports all of the optional List operations supported by this List.

      This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of the sort that commonly exist for arrays). Any operation that expects a List can be used as a range operation by operating on a subList view instead of a whole List. For example, the following idiom removes a range of elements from a List:

                list.subList(from, to).clear();

      Similar idioms may be constructed for indexOf and lastIndexOf, and all of the algorithms in the Collections class can be applied to a subList.

      The semantics of the List returned by this method become undefined if the backing list (i.e., this List) is structurally modified in any way other than via the returned List. (Structural modifications are those that change the size of the List, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)

      Specified by:
        `subList` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `subList` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `fromIndex` - low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList
        `toIndex` - high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList
      Returns:
        a view of the specified range within this List
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if an endpoint index value is out of range `(fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size)`
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the endpoint indices are out of order `(fromIndex > toIndex)`

    - #### removeRange

          protected void removeRange(int fromIndex,
                         int toIndex)

      Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between `fromIndex`, inclusive, and `toIndex`, exclusive. Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index). This call shortens the list by `(toIndex - fromIndex)` elements. (If `toIndex==fromIndex`, this operation has no effect.)
      Overrides:
        `removeRange` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `fromIndex` - index of first element to be removed
        `toIndex` - index after last element to be removed

    - #### listIterator

          public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)

      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list. The specified index indicates the first element that would be returned by an initial call to `next`. An initial call to `previous` would return the element with the specified index minus one.

      The returned list iterator is fail-fast.

      Specified by:
        `listIterator` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `listIterator` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Parameters:
        `index` - index of the first element to be returned from the list iterator (by a call to `next`)
      Returns:
        a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if the index is out of range (`index < 0 || index > size()`)

    - #### listIterator

          public ListIterator<E> listIterator()

      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).

      The returned list iterator is fail-fast.

      Specified by:
        `listIterator` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `listIterator` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Returns:
        a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence)
      See Also:
        `listIterator(int)`

    - #### iterator

          public Iterator<E> iterator()

      Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.

      The returned iterator is fail-fast.

      Specified by:
        `iterator` in interface `Iterable<E>`
      Specified by:
        `iterator` in interface `Collection<E>`
      Specified by:
        `iterator` in interface `List<E>`
      Overrides:
        `iterator` in class `AbstractList<E>`
      Returns:
        an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence

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