Apache C++ Standard Library User's Guide

## 30.4 Binary and Text Mode

The representation of text files varies among operating systems. For example, the end of a line in a UNIX environment is represented by the linefeed character `'\n'`. On some other systems, such as Microsoft Windows, the end of the line consists of two characters, carriage return `'\r'` and linefeed `'\n'`. The end of the file differs as well on these two operating systems. Peculiarities on other operating systems are also conceivable.

To make programs more portable among operating systems, an automatic conversion can be done on input and output. The carriage return or linefeed sequence, for example, can be converted to a single `'\n'` character on input; the `'\n'` can be expanded to `"\r\n"` on output. This conversion mode is called text mode, as opposed to binary mode. In binary mode, no such conversions are performed.

The mode flag `std::ios_base::binary` has the effect of opening a file in binary mode. This has the effect described above; in other words, all automatic conversions, such as converting `"\r\n"` to `'\n',` are suppressed. [Basically, the binary mode flag is passed on to the respective operating system's service function, which means that in principle all system-specific conversions are suppressed, not only the carriage return / linefeed handling.]

If you must process a binary file, you should always set the `binary` mode flag, because most likely you do not want any kind of implicit, system-specific conversion performed.

The effect of the binary open mode is frequently misunderstood. It does not put the inserters and extractors into a binary mode, and hence suppress the formatting they usually perform. Binary input and output is done solely by `basic_istream<>::read()` and `basic_ostream<>::write()`.