base-4.5.1.0: Basic libraries

Portability | non-portable (GHC Extensions)
Stability | internal
Maintainer | cvs-ghc@haskell.org
Safe Haskell | Unsafe

GHC.Exts

Contents

- Representations of some basic types
- The maximum tuple size
- Primitive operations
- Fusion
- Overloaded string literals
- Debugging
- Ids with special behaviour
- Transform comprehensions
- Event logging
- SpecConstr annotations
- The call stack
- The Constraint kind

Description

GHC Extensions: this is the Approved Way to get at GHC-specific extensions.

Synopsis

- data Int = I# Int#
- data Word = W# Word#
- data Float = F# Float#
- data Double = D# Double#
- data Char = C# Char#
- data Ptr a = Ptr Addr#
- data FunPtr a = FunPtr Addr#
- maxTupleSize :: Int
- module GHC.Prim
- shiftL# :: Word# -> Int# -> Word#
- shiftRL# :: Word# -> Int# -> Word#
- iShiftL# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#
- iShiftRA# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#
- iShiftRL# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#
- uncheckedShiftL64# :: Word64# -> Int# -> Word64#
- uncheckedShiftRL64# :: Word64# -> Int# -> Word64#
- uncheckedIShiftL64# :: Int64# -> Int# -> Int64#
- uncheckedIShiftRA64# :: Int64# -> Int# -> Int64#
- build :: forall a. (forall b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> b) -> [a]
- augment :: forall a. (forall b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> b) -> [a] -> [a]
- class IsString a where
  - fromString :: String -> a
- breakpoint :: a -> a
- breakpointCond :: Bool -> a -> a
- lazy :: a -> a
- inline :: a -> a
- newtype Down a = Down a
- groupWith :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [[a]]
- sortWith :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [a]
- the :: Eq a => [a] -> a
- traceEvent :: String -> IO ()
- data SpecConstrAnnotation
  - = NoSpecConstr
  - | ForceSpecConstr
- currentCallStack :: IO [String]
- data Constraint

# Representations of some basic types

data Int Source

A fixed-precision integer type with at least the range `[-2^29 .. 2^29-1]`. The exact range for a given implementation can be determined by using `minBound` and `maxBound` from the `Bounded` class.

Constructors

I# Int# |

Instances

Bounded Int |
Enum Int |
Eq Int |
Integral Int |
Data Int |
Num Int |
Ord Int |
Read Int |
Real Int |
Show Int |
Ix Int |
Typeable Int |
Generic Int |
Bits Int |
Storable Int |
PrintfArg Int |

data Word

A `Word` is an unsigned integral type, with the same size as `Int`.

Constructors

W# Word# |

Instances

Bounded Word |
Enum Word |
Eq Word |
Integral Word |
Data Word |
Num Word |
Ord Word |
Read Word |
Real Word |
Show Word |
Ix Word |
Typeable Word |
Bits Word |
Storable Word |
PrintfArg Word |

data Float Source

Single-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE single-precision type.

Constructors

F# Float# |

Instances

Enum Float |
Eq Float |
Floating Float |
Fractional Float |
Data Float |
Num Float |
Ord Float |
Read Float |
Real Float |
RealFloat Float |
RealFrac Float |
Show Float |
Typeable Float |
Generic Float |
Storable Float |
PrintfArg Float |

data Double Source

Double-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE double-precision type.

Constructors

D# Double# |

Instances

Enum Double |
Eq Double |
Floating Double |
Fractional Double |
Data Double |
Num Double |
Ord Double |
Read Double |
Real Double |
RealFloat Double |
RealFrac Double |
Show Double |
Typeable Double |
Generic Double |
Storable Double |
PrintfArg Double |

data Char Source

The character type `Char` is an enumeration whose values represent Unicode (or equivalently ISO/IEC 10646) characters (see http://www.unicode.org/ for details). This set extends the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set (the first 256 characters), which is itself an extension of the ASCII character set (the first 128 characters). A character literal in Haskell has type `Char`.

To convert a `Char` to or from the corresponding `Int` value defined by Unicode, use `toEnum` and `fromEnum` from the `Enum` class respectively (or equivalently `ord` and `chr`).

Constructors

C# Char# |

Instances

Bounded Char |
Enum Char |
Eq Char |
Data Char |
Ord Char |
Read Char |
Show Char |
Ix Char |
Typeable Char |
Generic Char |
Storable Char |
IsChar Char |
PrintfArg Char |
IsString [Char] |

data Ptr a

A value of type ``Ptr` a` represents a pointer to an object, or an array of objects, which may be marshalled to or from Haskell values of type `a`.

The type `a` will often be an instance of class `Storable` which provides the marshalling operations. However this is not essential, and you can provide your own operations to access the pointer. For example you might write small foreign functions to get or set the fields of a C `struct`.

Constructors

Ptr Addr# |

Instances

Typeable1 Ptr |
Eq (Ptr a) |
Typeable a => Data (Ptr a) |
Ord (Ptr a) |
Show (Ptr a) |
Storable (Ptr a) |

data FunPtr a

A value of type ``FunPtr` a` is a pointer to a function callable from foreign code. The type `a` will normally be a foreign type, a function type with zero or more arguments where

- the argument types are marshallable foreign types, i.e. `Char`, `Int`, `Double`, `Float`, `Bool`, `Int8`, `Int16`, `Int32`, `Int64`, `Word8`, `Word16`, `Word32`, `Word64`, ``Ptr` a`, ``FunPtr` a`, ``StablePtr` a` or a renaming of any of these using `newtype`.
- the return type is either a marshallable foreign type or has the form ``IO` t` where `t` is a marshallable foreign type or `()`.

A value of type ``FunPtr` a` may be a pointer to a foreign function, either returned by another foreign function or imported with a a static address import like

     foreign import ccall "stdlib.h &free"
       p_free :: FunPtr (Ptr a -> IO ())

or a pointer to a Haskell function created using a wrapper stub declared to produce a `FunPtr` of the correct type. For example:

     type Compare = Int -> Int -> Bool
     foreign import ccall "wrapper"
       mkCompare :: Compare -> IO (FunPtr Compare)

Calls to wrapper stubs like `mkCompare` allocate storage, which should be released with `freeHaskellFunPtr` when no longer required.

To convert `FunPtr` values to corresponding Haskell functions, one can define a dynamic stub for the specific foreign type, e.g.

     type IntFunction = CInt -> IO ()
     foreign import ccall "dynamic"
       mkFun :: FunPtr IntFunction -> IntFunction

Constructors

FunPtr Addr# |

Instances

Typeable1 FunPtr |
Eq (FunPtr a) |
Ord (FunPtr a) |
Show (FunPtr a) |
Storable (FunPtr a) |

# The maximum tuple size

maxTupleSize :: Int

# Primitive operations

module GHC.Prim

shiftL# :: Word# -> Int# -> Word#

Shift the argument left by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

shiftRL# :: Word# -> Int# -> Word#

Shift the argument right by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

iShiftL# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#

Shift the argument left by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

iShiftRA# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#

Shift the argument right (signed) by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

iShiftRL# :: Int# -> Int# -> Int#

Shift the argument right (unsigned) by the specified number of bits (which must be non-negative).

uncheckedShiftL64# :: Word64# -> Int# -> Word64# Source

uncheckedShiftRL64# :: Word64# -> Int# -> Word64# Source

uncheckedIShiftL64# :: Int64# -> Int# -> Int64# Source

uncheckedIShiftRA64# :: Int64# -> Int# -> Int64# Source

# Fusion

build :: forall a. (forall b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> b) -> [a]

A list producer that can be fused with `foldr`. This function is merely

        build g = g (:) []

but GHC's simplifier will transform an expression of the form ``foldr` k z (`build` g)`, which may arise after inlining, to `g k z`, which avoids producing an intermediate list.

augment :: forall a. (forall b. (a -> b -> b) -> b -> b) -> [a] -> [a]

A list producer that can be fused with `foldr`. This function is merely

        augment g xs = g (:) xs

but GHC's simplifier will transform an expression of the form ``foldr` k z (`augment` g xs)`, which may arise after inlining, to `g k (`foldr` k z xs)`, which avoids producing an intermediate list.

# Overloaded string literals

class IsString a where

Class for string-like datastructures; used by the overloaded string extension (-foverloaded-strings in GHC).

Methods

fromString :: String -> a

Instances

IsString [Char] |

# Debugging

breakpoint :: a -> a

breakpointCond :: Bool -> a -> a

# Ids with special behaviour

lazy :: a -> a

The call '(lazy e)' means the same as `e`, but `lazy` has a magical strictness property: it is lazy in its first argument, even though its semantics is strict.

inline :: a -> aSource

The call '(inline f)' reduces to `f`, but `inline` has a BuiltInRule that tries to inline `f` (if it has an unfolding) unconditionally The `NOINLINE` pragma arranges that inline only gets inlined (and hence eliminated) late in compilation, after the rule has had a good chance to fire.

# Transform comprehensions

newtype Down a

The `Down` type allows you to reverse sort order conveniently. A value of type ``Down` a` contains a value of type `a` (represented as ``Down` a`). If `a` has an ``Ord`` instance associated with it then comparing two values thus wrapped will give you the opposite of their normal sort order. This is particularly useful when sorting in generalised list comprehensions, as in: `then sortWith by `Down` x`

Constructors

Down a |

Instances

Eq a => Eq (Down a) |
Ord a => Ord (Down a) |

groupWith :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [[a]]

The `groupWith` function uses the user supplied function which projects an element out of every list element in order to to first sort the input list and then to form groups by equality on these projected elements

sortWith :: Ord b => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [a]

The `sortWith` function sorts a list of elements using the user supplied function to project something out of each element

the :: Eq a => [a] -> a

`the` ensures that all the elements of the list are identical and then returns that unique element

# Event logging

traceEvent :: String -> IO ()

Deprecated: Use Debug.Trace.traceEvent or Debug.Trace.traceEventIO

# SpecConstr annotations

data SpecConstrAnnotation

Constructors

NoSpecConstr |
ForceSpecConstr |

Instances

Eq SpecConstrAnnotation |
Data SpecConstrAnnotation |
Typeable SpecConstrAnnotation |

# The call stack

currentCallStack :: IO [String]

returns a '[String]' representing the current call stack. This can be useful for debugging.

The implementation uses the call-stack simulation maintined by the profiler, so it only works if the program was compiled with `-prof` and contains suitable SCC annotations (e.g. by using `-fprof-auto`). Otherwise, the list returned is likely to be empty or uninformative.

# The Constraint kind

data Constraint Source